{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:25:06Z","timestamp":1789100706349,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the practical application scenarios of USVs, it is necessary to identify a vessel in order to accomplish tasks. Considering the sensors equipped on the USV, visible images provide the fastest and most efficient way of determining the hull number. The current studies divide the task of recognizing vessel plate number into two independent subtasks: text localization in the image and its recognition. Then, researchers are focusing on improving the accuracy of localization and recognition separately. However, these methods cannot be directly applied to USVs due to the difference between these two application scenarios. In addition, as the two independent models are serial, there will be inevitable propagation of error between them, as well as an increase in time costs, resulting in a less satisfactory performance. In view of the above, we proposed a method based on object detection model for recognizing vessel plate number in complicated sea environments applied to USVs. The accuracy and stability of model have been promoted by recursive gated convolution structure, decoupled head, reconstructing loss function, and redesigning the sizes of anchor boxes. To facilitate this research, a vessel plate number dataset is established in this paper. Furthermore, we conducted a experiment utilizing a USV platform in the South China Sea. Compared with the original YOLOv5, the mAP (mean Average Precision) value of proposed method is increased by 6.23%. The method is employed on the \u201cTian Xing\u201d USV platform and the experiment results indicates both the ship and vessel plate number can be recognized in real-time. In both the civilian and military sectors, this has a great deal of significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1131392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T14:02:47Z","timestamp":1681999367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Automatic vessel plate number recognition for surface unmanned vehicles with marine applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Renran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingze","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoyi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2004.10934","article-title":"Yolov4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection","volume":"2004","author":"Bochkovskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"p. 012034","article-title":"\u201cUnmanned Surface Vessel for Marine Data Acquisition,\u201d","volume-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science","author":"Dobref","year":"2018"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3356\/JRR-21-136","article-title":"Long-range movements of common kestrels (Falco Tinnunculus) in Southwestern Spain revealed by GPS tracking","volume":"3","author":"Garc\u00eda-Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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