{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:04:45Z","timestamp":1753891485321,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supernumerary robotic limbs (SRL) is a novel category of wearable robotics. Unlike prostheses (compensation for human limbs) and exoskeletons (augmentation of human limbs), SRL focuses on expanding human limbs and enhancing human activities, perception, and operation through the mutual collaboration of mechanical limbs and human limbs. The SRL of lower limbs are attached to the human waist, synchronized with the human walking in the forward direction, and can carry weight independently in the vertical direction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to enhance the synchronization performance of the human-machine system during walking and minimize interference with human gait, it is essential to investigate the coupling dynamics within the human-SRL system. To facilitate our research, this paper focuses on relatively ideal working conditions: level road surfaces, no additional weight-bearing on the SRL, and humans walking in a straight line without any turns. We build upon the passive dynamic walking theory and utilize the human-SRL system model established by MIT to develop a coupling system model. Through numerical simulations, we identify the optimal values for the stiffness and damping coefficients of the human-machine connection. Additionally, we have designed the wheel-legged SRL structure and constructed the SRL control system for experimental validation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is found that a better synchronization of the human-machine walking process can be achieved by configuring suitable spring and damping units in the human-machine connection part.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we explored the concept of SRL and its potential benefits for enhancing human motion, conducting simulations and experiments based on the coupled dynamics of human-SRL systems. The results indicate that by equipping the human-machine connection component with suitable spring and damping units, synchronization during the walking process can be improved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1252947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T05:28:50Z","timestamp":1695706130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on human-SRL synchronized walking based on coupled impedance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wutong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muye","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6906598","article-title":"\u201cA robot on the shoulder: coordinated human-wearable robot control using coloured petri nets and partial least squares predictions,\u201d","author":"Bonilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"787","article-title":"\u201cDesign and biomechanical analysis of supernumerary robotic limbs,\u201d","author":"Davenport","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dynamic Systems and Control Conference"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"4348","article-title":"\u201cDesign of extra robotic legs for augmenting human payload capabilities by exploiting singularity and torque redistribution,\u201d","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2897177","article-title":"Hybrid open-loop closed-loop control of coupled human-robot balance during assisted stance transition with extra robotic legs","volume":"4","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. 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Robot."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5010","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139896","article-title":"\u201cDesign and control of supernumerary robotic limbs for balance augmentation,\u201d","author":"Parietti","year":"2015","journal-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1997.620012","article-title":"\u201cPassive dynamic quadrupedal walking,\u201d","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2021.3086016","article-title":"Supernumerary robotic limbs: a review and future outlook","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"5242","article-title":"\u201cA centaur system for assisting human walking with load carriage,\u201d","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1252947\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1695706136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1252947\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1252947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1252947","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5218"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"article-number":"1252947"}}