{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T21:47:43Z","timestamp":1784670463025,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemporary neural network models often overlook a central biological fact about neural processing: that single neurons are themselves complex, semi-autonomous computing systems. Both the information processing and information storage abilities of actual biological neurons vastly exceed the simple weighted sum of synaptic inputs computed by the \u201cunits\u201d in standard neural network models. Neurons are eukaryotic cells that store information not only in synapses, but also in their dendritic structure and connectivity, as well as genetic \u201cmarking\u201d in the epigenome of each individual cell. Each neuron computes a complex nonlinear function of its inputs, roughly equivalent in processing capacity to an entire 1990s-era neural network model. Furthermore, individual cells provide the biological interface between gene expression, ongoing neural processing, and stored long-term memory traces. Neurons in all organisms have these properties, which are thus relevant to all of neuroscience and cognitive biology. Single-cell computation may also play a particular role in explaining some unusual features of human cognition. The recognition of the centrality of cellular computation to \u201cnatural computation\u201d in brains, and of the constraints it imposes upon brain evolution, thus has important implications for the evolution of cognition, and how we study it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2023.1107876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T14:30:12Z","timestamp":1700749812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cellular computation and cognition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"W. Tecumseh","family":"Fitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/30505","article-title":"The role of dendrites in auditory coincidence detection","volume":"393","author":"Agmon-Snir","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1479","article-title":"Imaging brain electric signals with genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins","volume":"7","author":"Akemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818512116","article-title":"Evolutionary expansion of connectivity between multimodal association areas in the human brain compared with chimpanzees","volume":"116","author":"Ardesch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.09.004","article-title":"\u201cThe seven sins\u201d of the Hebbian synapse: can the hypothesis of synaptic plasticity explain long-term memory consolidation?","volume":"80","author":"Arshavsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25399-4","article-title":"Complex housing causes a robust increase in dendritic complexity and spine density of medial prefrontal cortical neurons","volume":"8","author":"Ashokan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00448-6","article-title":"Two views on the cognitive brain","volume":"22","author":"Barack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Neuroscience: exploring the brain","author":"Bear","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20395","article-title":"Cadherin-8 and N-cadherin differentially regulate pre- and postsynaptic development of the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway","volume":"18","author":"Bekirov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3197","article-title":"Biomolecular computing systems: principles, progress and potential","volume":"13","author":"Benenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.07.002","article-title":"Single cortical neurons as deep artificial neural networks","volume":"109","author":"Beniaguev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03813-8","article-title":"Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification","volume":"598","author":"Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"582","article-title":"A formal limitation of associationism","volume-title":"Verbal behavior and general behavior theory","author":"Bever","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3442-17.2019","article-title":"Reorganization of recurrent layer 5 corticospinal networks following adult motor training","volume":"39","author":"Biane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.139","article-title":"Synaptic modification of correlated activity: Hebb\u2019s postulate revisited","volume":"24","author":"Bi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198538493.001.0001","author":"Bishop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010273","article-title":"Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path","volume":"232","author":"Bliss","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05340-6","article-title":"Dendrocentric learning for synthetic intelligence","volume":"612","author":"Boahen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90009-4","article-title":"Dendritic processing of synaptic information by sensory interneurons","volume":"17","author":"Borst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8094-5_15","article-title":"Computing temporal sequence with dendrites","volume-title":"The computing dendrite: from structure to function","author":"Branco","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/Cercor\/Bhq108","article-title":"Neuroanatomical prerequisites for language functions in the maturing brain","volume":"21","author":"Br\u00e4uer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/376307a0","article-title":"Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells","volume":"376","author":"Bray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Wetware: a computer in every living cell","author":"Bray","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02266","article-title":"Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells in rat motor cortex","volume":"427","author":"Brecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/482461a","article-title":"Life\u2019s code script","volume":"482","author":"Brenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.12.004","article-title":"Cadherin-catenin adhesion complexes at the synapse","volume":"21","author":"Brigidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.165.3891.349","article-title":"Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory","volume":"165","author":"Britten","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0121-9","article-title":"How the epigenome integrates information and reshapes the synapse","volume":"20","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002867","article-title":"Passive dendrites enable single neurons to compute linearly non-separable functions","volume":"9","author":"Caz\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089308573094","article-title":"Connectionism and compositionality: why Fodor and Pylyshyn were wrong","volume":"6","author":"Chalmers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Philos. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2302_2","article-title":"Toward a connectionist model of recursion in human linguistic performance","volume":"23","author":"Christiansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2010.001.0001","volume-title":"The computational brain","author":"Churchland","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","article-title":"Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science","volume":"36","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8094-5","volume-title":"The computing dendrite: from structure to function","author":"Cuntz","year":""},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"259","article-title":"Modelling the cellular mechanisms of fly optic flow processing","volume-title":"The computing dendrite: from structure to function","author":"Cuntz","year":""},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.005","article-title":"Maintenance of a short-lived protein required for long-term memory involves cycles of transcription and local translation","volume":"111","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"The regulatory genome: gene regulatory networks in development and evolution","author":"Davidson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113832","article-title":"Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans","volume":"311","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1009-1207","article-title":"A neurocomputational jeremiad","volume":"12","author":"Dayan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00029","article-title":"The evolution of the brain, the human nature of cortical circuits, and intellectual creativity","volume":"5","author":"DeFelipe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.06.010","article-title":"Symbols and mental programs: a hypothesis about human singularity","volume":"26","author":"Dehaene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4243","article-title":"Efficient codes and balanced networks","volume":"19","author":"Den\u00e8ve","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.10.059","article-title":"A complex hierarchy of avoidance behaviors in a single-cell eukaryote","volume":"29","author":"Dexter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.02.018","article-title":"Learning in single cell organisms","volume":"564","author":"Dussutour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Rethinking innateness: a connectionist perspective on development","author":"Elman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RC95","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-18-j0002.2000","article-title":"Pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe: all the more spinous to think with","volume":"20","author":"Elston","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg093","article-title":"Cortex, cognition and the cell: new insights into the pyramidal neuron and prefrontal function","volume":"13","author":"Elston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5216-08.2009","article-title":"Spinogenesis and pruning scales across functional hierarchies","volume":"29","author":"Elston","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Minds behind the brain: a history of the pioneers and their discoveries","author":"Finger","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2014.04.005","article-title":"Toward a computational framework for cognitive biology: unifying approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition","volume":"11","author":"Fitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.10.004","article-title":"Information and the single cell","volume":"71","author":"Fitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0103","article-title":"Artificial grammar learning meets formal language theory: an overview","volume":"367","author":"Fitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(90)90014-B","article-title":"Connectionism and the problem of systematicity: why Smolensky\u2019s solution doesn\u2019t work","volume":"35","author":"Fodor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(88)90031-5","article-title":"Connectionism and cognitive architecture: a critical analysis","volume":"28","author":"Fodor","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0200-7","article-title":"Does predictive coding have a future?","volume":"21","author":"Friston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.08.012","article-title":"Evolution of cortical neurons supporting human cognition","volume":"26","author":"Galakhova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.04.012","article-title":"The coding question","volume":"21","author":"Gallistel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"The physical basis of memory","volume":"213","author":"Gallistel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Memory and the computational brain: why cognitive science will transform neuroscience","author":"Gallistel","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"The mind\u2019s new science: a history of the cognitive revolution","author":"Gardner","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience: the biology of mind","author":"Gazzaniga","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2022.104825","article-title":"The molecular memory code and synaptic plasticity: a synthesis","author":"Gershman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61907","article-title":"Reconsidering the evidence for learning in single cells","volume":"10","author":"Gershman","year":"2021","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6239","article-title":"Dendritic action potentials and computation in human layer 2\/3 cortical neurons","volume":"367","author":"Gidon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07953","article-title":"Autism genome-wide copy number variation reveals ubiquitin and neuronal genes","volume":"459","author":"Glessner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41714","article-title":"Large and fast human pyramidal neurons associate with intelligence","volume":"7","author":"Goriounova","year":"2018","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22901","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22901","article-title":"Towards deep learning with segregated dendrites","volume":"6","author":"Guerguiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00075-8","article-title":"Dendrites: bug or feature?","volume":"13","author":"H\u00e4usser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory","author":"Hebb","year":"1949"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8094-5_29","article-title":"Morphological reduction of dendritic neurons","volume-title":"The computing dendrite: from structure to function","author":"Hedrick","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405282417","article-title":"Dendritic plasticity in the adult neocortex","volume":"12","author":"Hickmott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2011","article-title":"Cadherins in brain morphogenesis and wiring","volume":"92","author":"Hirano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10466-8","article-title":"Efficient dendritic learning as an alternative to synaptic plasticity hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Hodassman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.2.2762","article-title":"Epigenetics: a historical overview","volume":"1","author":"Holliday","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06447","article-title":"Behavioral report of single neuron stimulation in somatosensory cortex","volume":"451","author":"Houweling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.03.031","article-title":"cis-regulatory control circuits in development","volume":"271","author":"Howard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.08.009","article-title":"The regulatory genome and the computer","volume":"310","author":"Istrail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(61)80072-7","article-title":"Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins","volume":"3","author":"Jacob","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0033","article-title":"Tractography: where do we go from Here?","volume":"1","author":"Jbabdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01390","article-title":"Might a single neuron solve interesting machine learning problems through successive computations on its dendritic tree?","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.12.002","article-title":"Synaptic clustering within dendrites: an emerging theory of memory formation","volume":"126","author":"Kastellakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212139","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1212139","article-title":"The dendritic engram","volume":"17","author":"Kastellakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/385207a0","article-title":"Computation and the single neuron","volume":"385","author":"Koch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Biophysics of computation \u2013 information processing in single neurons","author":"Koch","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"227","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells: a functional interpretation of dendritic morphology","volume":"298","author":"Koch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/81444","article-title":"The role of single neurons in information processing","volume":"3","author":"Koch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.056","article-title":"Cadherin expression in the somatosensory cortex: evidence for a combinatorial molecular code at the single-cell level","volume":"175","author":"Krishna-K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.029","article-title":"The human transcription factors","volume":"172","author":"Lambert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2020.107164","article-title":"Locating the engram: should we look for plastic synapses or information-storing molecules?","volume":"169","author":"Langille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.03.008","article-title":"Are dendrites conceptually useful?","volume":"489","author":"Larkum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/236","article-title":"The metabolic cost of neural information","volume":"1","author":"Laughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4902-04.2005","article-title":"NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of axonal and dendritic branching","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408031102","article-title":"Gene regulatory networks for development","volume":"102","author":"Levine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5158-11.2012","article-title":"Spatial profile of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connectivity in mouse primary auditory cortex","volume":"32","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.03.002","article-title":"Comparing representations and computations in single neurons versus neural networks","volume":"27","author":"Libedinsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0277-3","article-title":"Backpropagation and the brain","volume":"21","author":"Lillicrap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12535","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2917-14.2015","article-title":"Predicting the dynamics of network connectivity in the neocortex","volume":"35","author":"Loewenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135703","article-title":"Dendritic computation","volume":"28","author":"London","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/382363a0","article-title":"Influence of dendritic structure on firing pattern in model neocortical neurons","volume":"382","author":"Mainen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"225","article-title":"Dendritic voltage-gated ion channels","volume-title":"Dendrites","author":"Magee","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8362","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810928106","article-title":"Segregating the core computational faculty of human language from working memory","volume":"106","author":"Makuuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.012","article-title":"LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches","volume":"44","author":"Malenka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1187.001.0001","volume-title":"The algebraic mind: integrating connectionism and cognitive science","author":"Marcus","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs270","article-title":"A weighted and directed interareal connectivity matrix for macaque cerebral cortex","volume":"24","author":"Markov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.10.034","article-title":"Cellular cognition: sequential logic in a Giant Protist","volume":"29","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4556-05.2006","article-title":"Repulsive guidance molecule plays multiple roles in neuronal differentiation and axon guidance","volume":"26","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21676","article-title":"Expression analysis of cadherins in the songbird brain: relationship to vocal system development","volume":"508","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2009.01091.x","article-title":"Evolution and diversity in avian vocal system: an Evo-devo model from the morphological and behavioral perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Develop. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1994.6.6.1031","article-title":"Information processing in dendritic trees","volume":"6","author":"Mel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"Perceptrons","author":"Minsky","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv188","article-title":"Dendritic and axonal architecture of individual pyramidal neurons across layers of adult human neocortexx","volume":"25","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009015","article-title":"The gradient clusteron: a model neuron that learns to solve classification tasks via dendritic nonlinearities, structural plasticity, and gradient descent","volume":"17","author":"Moldwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00033","article-title":"Perceptron learning and classification in a modeled cortical pyramidal cell","volume":"14","author":"Moldwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111176","article-title":"Single-neuron models linking electrophysiology, morphology, and transcriptomics across cortical cell types","volume":"40","author":"Nandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.09.004","article-title":"Neuronal energy consumption: biophysics, efficiency and evolution","volume":"41","author":"Niven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.017574","article-title":"Energy limitation as a selective pressure on the evolution of sensory systems","volume":"211","author":"Niven","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.07.007","article-title":"Sparse coding of sensory inputs","volume":"14","author":"Olshausen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.08.010","article-title":"We don\u2019t know how the brain stores anything, let alone words","volume":"26","author":"Poeppel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93083-6_6","article-title":"A new approach to synaptic interactions","volume-title":"Lecture notes in biomathematics: theoretical approaches to complex systems","author":"Poggio","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00149-1","article-title":"Pyramidal neuron as two-layer neural network","volume":"37","author":"Poirazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00252-5","article-title":"Impact of active dendrites and structural plasticity on the memory capacity of neural tissue","volume":"29","author":"Poirazi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0301-7","article-title":"Illuminating dendritic function with computational models","volume":"21","author":"Poirazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104751","article-title":"The physical basis of conceptual representation \u2013 an addendum to Gallistel (2020)","volume":"214","author":"Prasada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"73","article-title":"Theoretical significance of dendritic trees for neuronal input-output relations","volume-title":"Neural theory and modeling","author":"Rall","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6730-4","volume-title":"Texture of the nervous system of man and the vertebrates","author":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","year":""},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2003.10.002","article-title":"Cadherins as regulators for the emergence of neural nets from embryonic divisions","volume":"97","author":"Redies","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8094-5_10","article-title":"Introduction to dendritic computation","volume-title":"The computing dendrite: from structure to function","author":"Remme","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2072","article-title":"The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI","volume":"11","author":"Rilling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2911754","article-title":"Are neural nets like the human brain?","volume":"243","author":"Roberts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08759","article-title":"Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural learning","volume":"463","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"The Perceptron - a perceiving and recognizing automaton","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4197","article-title":"Thalamic nuclei convey diverse contextual information to layer 1 of visual cortex","volume":"19","author":"Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Volume 1. Foundations","author":"Rummelhart","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref130","article-title":"Somato-dendritic synaptic plasticity and error-backpropagation in active dendrites","author":"Schiess","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology, 12: e1004638"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012148660-0\/50013-5","article-title":"Intracellular signaling","volume-title":"From molecules to networks: an introduction to cellular and molecular neuroscience","author":"Schulman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/30340","article-title":"Sound grounds for computing dendrites","volume":"393","author":"Segev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"713","article-title":"A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits","author":"Shannon","year":"1938","journal-title":"AIEE Transactions"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195064919.001.0001","volume-title":"Foundations of the neuron doctrine","author":"Shepherd","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012148660-0\/50018-4","article-title":"Information processing in complex dendrites","volume-title":"From molecules to networks: an introduction to cellular and molecular neuroscience","author":"Shepherd","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-6962.1988.tb00470.x","article-title":"The constituent structure of connectionist mental states: a reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn","volume":"26","author":"Smolensky","year":"1988","journal-title":"South. J. Philos."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90007-M","article-title":"Tensor product variable binding and the representation of symbolic structures in connectionist networks","volume":"46","author":"Smolensky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.014","article-title":"Dendritic protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory","volume":"127","author":"Sutton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2043","article-title":"The cadherin superfamily in neuronal connections and interactions","volume":"8","author":"Takeichi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02566","article-title":"Cadherin is required for dendritic morphogenesis and synaptic terminal organization of retinal horizontal cells","volume":"133","author":"Tanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.09.015","article-title":"Cell learning","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2155-17.2018","article-title":"Single-cell stimulation in barrel cortex influences psychophysical detection performance","volume":"38","author":"Tanke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1123","article-title":"The molecular biology of axon guidance","volume":"274","author":"Tessier-Lavigne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002007","article-title":"High bandwidth synaptic communication and frequency tracking in human neocortex","volume":"12","author":"Testa-Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185306","article-title":"Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: insights from comparative genomics","volume":"12","author":"Theofanopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2017.00046","article-title":"Software for brain network simulations: a comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Tikidji-Hamburyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuro."},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"409","article-title":"A synaptic mechanism possibly underlying directional selectivity to motion","volume":"202","author":"Torre","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093554","article-title":"Semaphorin regulation of cellular morphology","volume":"23","author":"Tran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00088","article-title":"The demise of the synapse as the locus of memory: a looming paradigm shift?","volume":"10","author":"Trettenbrein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812932115","article-title":"Axonal plasticity associated with perceptual learning in adult macaque visual cortex","volume":"115","author":"Van Kerkoerle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001066","article-title":"Structural properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans neuronal network","volume":"7","author":"Varshney","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref154","volume-title":"The computer and the brain","author":"von Neumann","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref155","volume-title":"Molecular biology of the gene","author":"Watson","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931","article-title":"An internal model for sensorimotor integration","volume":"269","author":"Wolpert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300558120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300558120","article-title":"NMDA-driven dendritic modulation enables multitask representation learning in hierarchical sensory processing pathways","volume":"120","author":"Wybo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08577","article-title":"Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories","volume":"462","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/81432","article-title":"The basic unit of computation","volume":"3","author":"Zador","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1107876\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T14:30:37Z","timestamp":1700749837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1107876\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"references-count":163,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2023.1107876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1107876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"article-number":"1107876"}}