{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:08:50Z","timestamp":1753891730056,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visual-spatial perception is a process for extracting the spatial relationship between objects in the environment. The changes in visual-spatial perception due to factors such as the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (hyperactivation) or parasympathetic nervous system (hypoactivation) can affect the internal representation of the external visual-spatial world. We formulated a quantitative model of the modulation of visual-perceptual space under action by hyperactivation or hypoactivation-inducing neuromodulating agents. We showed a Hill equation based relationship between neuromodulator agent concentration and alteration of visual-spatial perception utilizing the metric tensor to quantify the visual space.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We computed the dynamics of the psilocybin (hyperactivation-inducing agent) and chlorpromazine (hypoactivation-inducing agent) in brain tissue. Then, we validated our quantitative model by analyzing the findings of different independent behavioral studies where subjects were assessed for alterations in visual-spatial perception under the action of psilocybin and under chlorpromazine. To validate the neuronal correlates, we simulated the effect of the neuromodulating agent on the computational model of the grid-cell network, and also performed diffusion MRI-based tractography to find the neural tracts between the cortical areas involved: V2 and the entorhinal cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied our computational model to an experiment (where perceptual alterations were measured under psilocybin) and found that for <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> (Hill-coefficient) = 14.8 and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> = 1.39, the theoretical prediction followed experimental observations very well (\u03c72 test robustly satisfied, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.99). We predicted the outcome of another psilocybin-based experiment using these values (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14.8 and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> = 1.39), whereby our prediction and experimental outcomes were well corroborated. Furthermore, we found that also under hypoactivation (chlorpromazine), the modulation of the visual-spatial perception follows our model. Moreover, we found neural tracts between the area V2 and entorhinal cortex, thus providing a possible brain network responsible for encoding visual-spatial perception. Thence, we simulated the altered grid-cell network activity, which was also found to follow the Hill equation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a computational model of visuospatial perceptual alterations under altered neural sympathetic\/parasympathetic tone. We validated our model using analysis of behavioral studies, neuroimaging assessment, and neurocomputational evaluation. Our quantitative approach may be probed as a potential behavioral screening and monitoring methodology in neuropsychology to analyze perceptual misjudgment and mishaps by highly stressed workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2023.1136985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T06:21:50Z","timestamp":1683872510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirically validated theoretical analysis of visual-spatial perception under change of nervous system arousal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pratik","family":"Purohit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasun","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasun K.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623257.004","author":"Amit","year":"1989","journal-title":"Modeling brain function: The world of attractor neural networks"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/KI.1980.181","article-title":"Metabolism of drugs by the kidney.","volume":"18","author":"Anders","year":"1980","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.168.3933.869","article-title":"Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats.","volume":"168","author":"Anton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21692","article-title":"Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal\u2013entorhinal circuit.","volume":"543","author":"Aronov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2019.03.034","article-title":"Grid-like neural representations support olfactory navigation of a two-dimensional odor space.","volume":"102","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1983.2","article-title":"Transport of \u03b1-aminoisobutyric acid across brain capillary and cellular membranes.","volume":"3","author":"Blasberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3311","article-title":"Grid cells require excitatory drive from the hippocampus.","volume":"16","author":"Bonnevie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000291","article-title":"Accurate path integration in continuous attractor network models of grid cells.","volume":"5","author":"Burak","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200408260-00023","article-title":"Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception.","volume":"15","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCIR.2022.924016\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Are grid-like representations a component of all perception and cognition?","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAF0941","article-title":"Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code.","volume":"352","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNBEH.2021.641776\/XML\/NLM","article-title":"The perception of the M\u00fcller-Lyer visual illusion in schizophrenics and non-human primates: A translational approach.","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3310","article-title":"Recurrent inhibitory circuitry as a mechanism for grid formation.","volume":"16","author":"Couey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.1991.SP018793","article-title":"Extracellular volume decreases while cell volume is maintained by ion uptake in rat brain during acute hypernatremia.","volume":"442","author":"Cserr","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/CSHPERSPECT.A020412","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier.","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUNET.2021.04.031","article-title":"Why grid cells function as a metric for space.","volume":"142","author":"Dang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/35104092","article-title":"Visual illusions and neurobiology.","volume":"2","author":"Eagleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404117\/METRICS","article-title":"Visual illusion, tactile sensibility and reaction time under LSD-25.","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"1961","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.1.154","article-title":"Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment.","volume":"136","author":"Elliot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/HIPO.10173","article-title":"Path integration in mammals.","volume":"14","author":"Etienne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1242\/JEB.199.1.201","article-title":"Path integration in mammals and its interaction with visual landmarks.","volume":"199","author":"Etienne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.ANALCHEM.7B05032","article-title":"Improving the interpretation of small molecule diffusion coefficients.","volume":"90","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1002\/ANGE.201207403","article-title":"quantitative interpretation of diffusion-ordered NMR spectra: Can we rationalize small molecule diffusion coefficients?","volume":"125","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1982.242.2.f171","volume":"11","author":"Fenstermacher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Distribution of two model amino acids from cerebrospinal fluid to brain and blood. Am. J. Physiol. - Ren. Fluid Electrolyte Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMP.2008.12.006","article-title":"Is perceptual space inherently non-Euclidean?","volume":"53","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1749-6632.1967.TB55004.X","article-title":"The biological fabric of time.","volume":"138","author":"Fischer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.174.4012.897","article-title":"A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative states.","volume":"174","author":"Fischer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01990020\/METRICS","article-title":"Measurement of handwriting area to pressure ratios during psilocybin-induced hallucinations.","volume":"1","author":"Fischer","year":"","journal-title":"Agents Act."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01899102\/METRICS","article-title":"Effects of the psychodysleptic drug psilocybin on visual perception. Changes in brightness preference.","volume":"25","author":"Fischer","year":"","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01965761","article-title":"Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space.","volume":"1","author":"Fischer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Agents Act."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-8-31\/FIGURES\/10","article-title":"Input-output relations in biological systems: Measurement, information and the Hill equation.","volume":"8","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4353-05.2006","article-title":"A spin glass model of path integration in rat medial entorhinal cortex.","volume":"26","author":"Fuhs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2020.00432\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Biomarkers in psychiatry: Concept, definition, types and relevance to the clinical reality.","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04268-7","article-title":"Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells.","volume":"602","author":"Gardner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/11909","article-title":"Handbook of porous materials: Synthesis, properties, modeling and key applications.","volume":"4","author":"Gitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Porous Mater. Synth. Prop. Model. Key Appl."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-8322-7.50155-2","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalography of \u201cclassical\u201d psychoactive drugs.","volume":"2","author":"Goldstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuro Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.1990.72.3.0441","article-title":"Effect of hyperosmotic blood-brain barrier disruption on transcapillary transport in canine brain tumors.","volume":"72","author":"Groothuis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065707001093","article-title":"A model of grid cells based on a twisted torus topology.","volume":"17","author":"Guanella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03721","article-title":"Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex.","volume":"436","author":"Hafting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315252988","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human performance on the flight deck."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00121","article-title":"A framework for intelligence and cortical function based on grid cells in the neocortex.","volume":"12","author":"Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.25.517966","article-title":"Uncovering 2-D toroidal representations in grid cell ensemble activity during 1-D behavior.","author":"Hermansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01966750","article-title":"Interpretation of visual space under drug-induced ergotropic and trophotropic arousal.","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Agents Act."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01899105","article-title":"Effects of excitatory and tranquilizing drugs on visual perception. spatial distortion thresholds.","volume":"25","author":"Hill","year":"1969","journal-title":"Experienta"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2010.12.036","article-title":"Using computational patients to evaluate Illness mechanisms in schizophrenia.","volume":"69","author":"Hoffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CUB.2016.01.042","article-title":"Grid-like processing of imagined navigation.","volume":"26","author":"Horner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0746-4","article-title":"Advances in the computational understanding of mental illness.","volume":"46","author":"Huys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(79)90008-7","article-title":"Alleys in visual space.","volume":"19","author":"Indow","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177622","article-title":"In vivo CT measurement of blood-brain transfer constant of iopamidol in human brain tumors.","volume":"14","author":"Ivan Yeung","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3466","article-title":"Direct recordings of grid-like neuronal activity in human spatial navigation.","volume":"169","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/S002210050206\/METRICS","article-title":"Directional control of hippocampal place fields.","volume":"117","author":"Jeffery","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636","article-title":"Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity.","volume":"551","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1468-0068.2010.00781.X","article-title":"Color illusion.","volume":"45","author":"Kalderon","year":"2011","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11587","article-title":"A map of visual space in the primate entorhinal cortex.","volume":"491","author":"Killian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1093\/CERCOR\/BHY054","article-title":"Hippocampus, retrosplenial and parahippocampal cortices encode multicompartment 3D space in a hierarchical manner.","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2703-16.2017","article-title":"Multivoxel pattern analysis reveals 3D place information in the human hippocampus.","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1068\/P2921","article-title":"Direct measurement of the curvature of visual space.","volume":"29","author":"Koenderink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.2002.017541","article-title":"Independence of extracellular tortuosity and volume fraction during osmotic challenge in rat neocortex.","volume":"542","author":"Kume-Kick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2019.12.13.19014902","article-title":"OASIS-3: Longitudinal neuroimaging, clinical, and cognitive dataset for normal aging and Alzheimer disease.","author":"LaMontagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2011.2","article-title":"Tactile and haptic illusions.","volume":"4","author":"Lederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90503-8","article-title":"Extracellular space parameters in the rat neocortex and subcortical white matter during postnatal development determined by diffusion analysis.","volume":"55","author":"Lehmenk\u00fchler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(79)85137-4","article-title":"On the validity of Fick\u2019s law for transient diffusion through a porous medium.","volume":"34","author":"Lehner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00067-X","article-title":"Quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: Comparison of liquid\u2013liquid extraction with automated on-line solid-phase extraction.","volume":"709","author":"Lindenblatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00448-8","article-title":"A novel somatosensory spatial navigation system outside the hippocampal formation.","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.11.430687","article-title":"A compact spatial map in V2 visual cortex.","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"journal-title":"Mathematical analysis of binocular vision.","year":"1947","author":"Luneburg","key":"B66"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4145-1_3","article-title":"The mathematics of diffusion","author":"Macdonald","year":"1977","journal-title":"transient techniques in electrochemistry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/AJ710478","article-title":"Physiology of the autonomic nervous system.","volume":"71","author":"McCorry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1932","article-title":"Path integration and the neural basis of the \u201ccognitive map\u201d.","volume":"7","author":"McNaughton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV.NEURO.31.061307.090723","article-title":"Place cells, grid cells, and the brain\u2019s spatial representation system.","volume":"31","author":"Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3766","article-title":"Grid cells and cortical representation.","volume":"15","author":"Moser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0050-8","article-title":"Hexadirectional coding of visual space in human entorhinal cortex.","volume":"21","author":"Nau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.1981.SP013981","article-title":"Ion diffusion modified by tortuosity and volume fraction in the extracellular microenvironment of the rat cerebellum.","volume":"321","author":"Nicholson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90408-6","article-title":"Diffusion from an iontophoretic point source in the brain: Role of tortuosity and volume fraction.","volume":"169","author":"Nicholson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-020-00196-z","article-title":"New vision on the mental problems of Vincent van Gogh; results from a bottom-up approach using (semi-)structured diagnostic interviews.","volume":"8","author":"Nolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Bipolar Disord."},{"journal-title":"The very basics of tensors.","year":"2005","author":"Oeijord","key":"B76"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.1992.77.3.0387","article-title":"Clearance of brain edema and macromolecules through the cortical extracellular space.","volume":"77","author":"Ohata","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/PSYP.13822","article-title":"LSD and ketanserin and their impact on the human autonomic nervous system.","volume":"58","author":"Olbrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.126","article-title":"Drug transport across the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"32","author":"Pardridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPLEGACY.1975.229.4.877","article-title":"Measurements of dog blood-brain transfer constants by ventriculocisternal perfusion.","volume":"229","author":"Patlak","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00997-0","article-title":"Large-scale neural recordings with single neuron resolution using Neuropixels probes in human cortex.","volume":"25","author":"Paulk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1152\/JN.1995.74.2.565","article-title":"Extracellular potassium, volume fraction, and tortuosity in rat hippocampal CA1, CA3, and cortical slices during ischemia.","volume":"74","author":"Perez-Pinzon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"307","article-title":"Intorno ad alcune illusioni nel campo delle sensazioni tattili sull\u2019illusione di Aristotele e fenomeni analoghi.","volume":"16","author":"Ponzo","year":"1911","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0650-4","article-title":"On two equations about brain volume, cranial capacity and age.","volume":"32","author":"Ricard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0516-1","article-title":"Coherent encoding of subjective spatial position in visual cortex and hippocampus.","volume":"562","author":"Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05900.1997","article-title":"Path Integration and cognitive mapping in a continuous attractor neural network model.","volume":"17","author":"Samsonovich","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270630","article-title":"Continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing based on excitatory\u2013inhibitory interactions.","volume":"594","author":"Shipston-Sharman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11649","article-title":"The entorhinal grid map is discretized.","volume":"492","author":"Stensola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONCOG.2011.05.011","article-title":"Olfactory illusions: Where are they?","volume":"20","author":"Stevenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO-2020-0057","article-title":"Exploring the interstitial system in the brain: The last mile of drug delivery.","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/H0061626","article-title":"Cognitive maps in rats and men.","volume":"55","author":"Tolman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00539-9","article-title":"Implantation of Neuropixels probes for chronic recording of neuronal activity in freely behaving mice and rats.","volume":"16","author":"van Daal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CUB.2013.03.067","article-title":"GABA shapes the dynamics of bistable perception.","volume":"23","author":"Van Loon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/J.2042-7158.1963.TB12787.X","article-title":"The relation between chemical structure and biological activity.","volume":"15","author":"van Rossum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"journal-title":"Human error and general aviation accidents: A comprehensive, fine-grained analysis using HFACS","year":"2005","author":"Wiegmann","key":"B95"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106065859","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans.","volume":"21","author":"Wittmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1235338","article-title":"Representation of three-dimensional space in the hippocampus of flying bats.","volume":"340","author":"Yartsev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10583","article-title":"Grid cells without theta oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of bats.","volume":"479","author":"Yartsev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2018.05.027","article-title":"Population-averaged atlas of the macroscale human structural connectome and its network topology.","volume":"178","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0080713","article-title":"Deterministic diffusion fiber tracking improved by quantitative anisotropy.","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315316","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine and key metabolites.","volume":"45","author":"Yeung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001460","article-title":"Relationship between symptom dimensions and white matter alterations in untreated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study.","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroreport"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1136985\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T06:22:01Z","timestamp":1683872521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1136985\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2023.1136985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2023.1136985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5188"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"article-number":"1136985"}}