{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:20:36Z","timestamp":1781727636594,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human-machine interaction and computational neuroscience have brought unprecedented application prospects to the field of medical rehabilitation, especially for the elderly population, where the decline and recovery of hand function have become a significant concern. Responding to the special needs under the context of normalized epidemic prevention and control and the aging trend of the population, this research proposes a method based on a 3D deep learning model to process laser sensor point cloud data, aiming to achieve non-contact gesture surface feature analysis for application in the field of intelligent rehabilitation of human-machine interaction hand functions. By integrating key technologies such as the collection of hand surface point clouds, local feature extraction, and abstraction and enhancement of dimensional information, this research has constructed an accurate gesture surface feature analysis system. In terms of experimental results, this research validated the superior performance of the proposed model in recognizing hand surface point clouds, with an average accuracy of 88.72%. The research findings are of significant importance for promoting the development of non-contact intelligent rehabilitation technology for hand functions and enhancing the safe and comfortable interaction methods for the elderly and rehabilitation patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2025.1543643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:49:01Z","timestamp":1746186541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Intelligent rehabilitation in an aging population: empowering human-machine interaction for hand function rehabilitation through 3D deep learning and point cloud"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengfeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guolan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanqiu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huidong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3180904","article-title":"Pu-dense: sparse tensor-based point cloud geometry upsampling","volume":"31","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2023.103208","article-title":"Point cloud voxel classification of aerial urban LiDAR using voxel attributes and random forest approach","volume":"118","author":"Aljumaily","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2020.100373","article-title":"A novel hybrid bidirectional unidirectional LSTM network for dynamic hand gesture recognition with leap motion","volume":"35","author":"Ameur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Enter Comput"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29197-5","article-title":"Deng, T noncontact human-machine interaction based on hand-responsive infrared structural color","volume":"13","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1362019","article-title":"Quality of life improvement: smart approaches for the working and aging populations","volume":"12","author":"Barakovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121481","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1121481","article-title":"Hand-worn devices for assessment and rehabilitation of motor function and their potential use in BCI protocols: a review","volume":"17","author":"Bates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455007","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001424550073","article-title":"Multimodal gesture recognition with Spatio-temporal features fusion based on YOLOv5 and MediaPipe","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2022.05.005","article-title":"Rehabilitation interventions after hand burn injury in adults: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Edger-Lacoursi\u00e8re","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.12.004","article-title":"The effect of proprioceptive training on hand function and activity limitation after open carpal tunnel release surgery: a randomized controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Ergen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123571","article-title":"Perspective and evolution of gesture recognition for sign language: a review","volume":"20","author":"Galv\u00e1n-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-023-00835-2","article-title":"BCI\u2013VR-based hand soft rehabilitation system with its applications in hand rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204445","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2023.1204445","article-title":"An improved fused feature residual network for 3D point cloud data","volume":"17","author":"Gezawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081079","article-title":"A review of hand function rehabilitation systems based on hand motion recognition devices and artificial intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10050557","article-title":"Empowering hand rehabilitation with ai-powered gesture recognition: a study of an semg-based system","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.18926\/AMO\/62400","article-title":"Long-term multidisciplinary rehabilitation efficacy in older patients after traumatic brain injury: assessed by the functional independence measure","volume":"75","author":"Harada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37673-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among older adults in Shanghai: retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3078190","article-title":"Emerging wearable interfaces and algorithms for hand gesture recognition: a survey","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001803","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2022.1001803","article-title":"A computational classification method of breast cancer images using the VGGNet model","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163156","article-title":"Point cloud classification algorithm based on the fusion of the local binary pattern features and structural features of voxels","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98249","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3094562","article-title":"P2V-RCNN: point to voxel feature learning for 3D object detection from point clouds","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36267-9","article-title":"A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population groups","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45106","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c08709","article-title":"Gesture recognition system using reduced graphene oxide-enhanced hydrogel strain sensors for rehabilitation training","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2931140","article-title":"Hand gesture recognition enhancement based on spatial fuzzy matching in leap motion","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08482","article-title":"Stretchable neuromorphic transistor that combines multisensing and information processing for epidermal gesture recognition","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16370-8","article-title":"Trajectories and determinants of ageing in Portugal: insights from EpiDoC, a nationwide population-based cohort","volume":"23","author":"Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2309894","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309894","article-title":"5G nb-IoT system integrated with high-performance fiber sensor inspired by cirrus and spider structures","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961588","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2022.961588","article-title":"Prediction model for suicide based on back propagation neural network and multilayer perceptron","volume":"16","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.itc.53.3.33935","article-title":"Real-time interpreter for short sentences in Indian sign language using MediaPipe and deep learning","volume":"53","author":"Mariappan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Informat Technol Control"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113544","article-title":"Detection and minimizing the error caused by hand tremors using a leap motion sensor in operating a surgeon robot","volume":"221","author":"Najafinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Qi","year":""},{"key":"ref31","author":"Qi","year":""},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115204","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ac875c","article-title":"Research on a pavement pothole extraction method based on vehicle-borne continuous laser scanning point cloud","volume":"33","author":"Rufei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110395","article-title":"Multisensor data processing in dimensional metrology for collaborative measurement of a laser plane sensor combined to a touch probe","volume":"188","author":"Sadaoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193228","article-title":"Mediapipe\u2019s landmarks with rnn for dynamic sign language recognition","volume":"11","author":"Samaan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2020.01.015","article-title":"Effects of interactive robot-enhanced hand rehabilitation in treatment of paediatric hand-burns: a randomized, controlled trial with 3-months follow-up","volume":"46","author":"Samhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9070400","article-title":"Verification of criterion-related validity for developing a Markerless hand tracking device","volume":"9","author":"Suwabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"ref37","author":"Tan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126574","article-title":"Hand rehabilitation exoskeleton system based on EEG spatiotemporal characteristics","volume":"270","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14582","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3130487","article-title":"A deep learning approach for LiDAR resolution-agnostic object detection","volume":"23","author":"Theodose","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010135","article-title":"Multi-view features joint learning with label and local distribution consistency for point cloud classification","volume":"12","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/app9030445","article-title":"Recognition of American sign language gestures in a virtual reality using leap motion","volume":"9","author":"Vaitkevi\u010dius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3934\/ipi.2024016","article-title":"Spatially regularized leaky ReLU in dual space for CNN based image segmentation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inverse Probl Imaging"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200412","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200412","article-title":"Optical\u2010nanofiber\u2010enabled gesture\u2010recognition wristband for human\u2013machine interaction with the assistance of machine learning","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11321","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3262786","article-title":"Unsupervised point cloud representation learning with deep neural networks: a survey","volume":"45","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3546874","article-title":"Towards visual interaction: hand segmentation by combining 3D graph deep learning and laser point cloud for intelligent rehabilitation","volume":"99","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05473","article-title":"Identifying balls feature in a large-scale laser point cloud of a coal mining environment by a multiscale dynamic graph convolution neural network","volume":"7","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128771","article-title":"Coal resources under carbon peak: segmentation of massive laser point clouds for coal mining in underground dusty environments using integrated graph deep learning model","volume":"285","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46771-1","article-title":"Prediction of glycopeptide fragment mass spectra by deep learning","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513612","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3272033","article-title":"Deep learning and laser-based 3D pixel-level rail surface defect detection method","volume":"72","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23494","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3303892","article-title":"Cost-effective and efficient solutions for the assessment and practice of upper extremity motor performance","volume":"23","author":"Yozevitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01885","article-title":"Multilayer perceptron algorithm-assisted flexible Piezoresistive PDMS\/chitosan\/cMWCNT sponge pressure sensor for sedentary healthcare monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6449","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146449","article-title":"Sollerman hand function sub-test \u201cwrite with a pen\u201d: a computer-vision-based approach in rehabilitation assessment","volume":"23","author":"Zestas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3336865","article-title":"LSTM-MSA: a novel deep learning model with dual-stage attention mechanisms forearm EMG-based hand gesture recognition","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113681","article-title":"3D point cloud recognition based on a multi-view convolutional neural network","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113823","article-title":"Study on the 3D-printed surface defect detection based on multi-row cyclic scanning method","volume":"223","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.0c01129","article-title":"High-fidelity recording of EMG signals by multichannel on-skin electrode arrays from target muscles for effective human\u2013machine interfaces","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Electr Mater"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94907301","DOI":"10.26599\/NR.2025.94907301","article-title":"Non-hand-worn, load-free VR hand rehabilitation system assisted by deep learning based on ionic hydrogel","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1543643\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:49:02Z","timestamp":1746186542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1543643\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2025.1543643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1543643","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"article-number":"1543643"}}