{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1753891651366,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depressive disorders are one of the most common mental disorders among young people. However, there is still a lack of objective means to identify and evaluate young people with depressive disorders quickly. Cognitive impairment is one of the core characteristics of depressive disorders, which is of great value in the identification and evaluation of young people with depressive disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study proposes a new method for identifying and evaluating depressive disorders in young people based on cognitive neurocomputing. The method evaluates cognitive impairments such as reduced attention, executive dysfunction, and slowed information processing speed that may exist in the youth depressive disorder population through an independently designed digital evaluation paradigm. It also mines digital biomarkers that can effectively identify these cognitive impairments. A total of 50 young patients with depressive disorders and 47 healthy controls were included in this study to validate the method\u2019s identification and evaluation capability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The differences analysis results showed that the digital biomarkers of cognitive function on attention, executive function, and information processing speed extracted in this study were significantly different between young depressive disorder patients and healthy controls. Through stepwise regression analysis, four digital biomarkers of cognitive function were finally screened. The area under the curve for them to jointly distinguish patients with depressive disorders from healthy controls was 0.927.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This new method rapidly characterizes and quantifies cognitive impairment in young people with depressive disorders. It provides a new way for organizations, such as schools, to quickly identify and evaluate the population of young people with depressive disorders based on human-computer interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2025.1555416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:52:49Z","timestamp":1740466369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A new method for identifying and evaluating depressive disorders in young people based on cognitive neurocomputing: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jiakang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouqiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuntian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanqun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291703008559","article-title":"Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00932.x","article-title":"Low episodic memory performance as a premorbid marker of depression: evidence from a 3-year follow-up","volume":"115","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140612102321","article-title":"Executive function impairments in patients with depression","volume":"13","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2022.101621","article-title":"Mood ratings and digital biomarkers from smartphone and wearable data differentiates and predicts depression status: a longitudinal data analysis","volume":"83","author":"Asare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pervasive Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.01.025","article-title":"The effectiveness of high-frequency left DLPFC-rTMS on depression, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility in female subjects with major depressive disorder","volume":"149","author":"Asgharian Asl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.05.013","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in major depression: from assessment to novel therapies","volume":"202","author":"Atique-Ur-Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.15223","article-title":"Screening for adolescent depression and suicide risk","volume":"328","author":"Bukstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291710001911","article-title":"Presence of individual (residual) symptoms during depressive episodes and periods of remission: a 3-year prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Conradi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.01.024","article-title":"Anhedonia in depression: biological mechanisms and computational models","volume":"22","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0018-4","article-title":"Digital biomarkers of cognitive function","volume":"1","author":"Dagum","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026","article-title":"Prevalence of depression among adolescents in the U.S. from 2009 to 2019: analysis of trends by sex, race\/ethnicity, and income","volume":"70","author":"Daly","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802331115","article-title":"Facebook language predicts depression in medical records","volume":"115","author":"Eichstaedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"volume-title":"Method and installation for detecting and following an eye and the gaze direction thereof. U.S. Patent No 7572008","year":"2009","author":"Elvesjo","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)60512-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years: a systematic analysis","volume":"377","author":"Gore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-024-01193-w","article-title":"Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for studying cognitive control in depressed patients: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sauret","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.08.003","article-title":"Executive function and cardiac autonomic regulation in depressive disorders","volume":"118","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S341","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-977x(16)31265-2","article-title":"The digit symbol substitution test (DSST): psychometric properties and clinical utility in major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Jaeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1216-21.2022","article-title":"Subregions of DLPFC display graded yet distinct structural and functional connectivity","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0616-1","article-title":"Paying attention to attention in depression","volume":"9","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0084-2","article-title":"Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the mobile\/wearable devices opportunity","volume":"2","author":"Kourtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672347","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.672347","article-title":"Current advances in wearable devices and their sensors in patients with depression","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-014-9629-5","article-title":"Executive function deficits in daily life prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Letkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.015","article-title":"Impaired sustained attention and executive dysfunction: bipolar disorder versus depression-specific markers of affective disorders","volume":"48","author":"Maalouf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767507","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.767507","article-title":"Remote assessment of depression using digital biomarkers from cognitive tasks","volume":"12","author":"Mandryk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11329","article-title":"The THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it) screening assessment for cognitive dysfunction: validation in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"78","author":"McIntyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00470-z","article-title":"Using a digital neuro signature to measure longitudinal individual-level change in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the Altoida large cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Meier","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35807","DOI":"10.2196\/35807","article-title":"Predicting depression in adolescents using mobile and wearable sensors: multimodal machine learning-based exploratory study","volume":"6","author":"Mullick","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Format. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020147","article-title":"A systematic review of executive function and information processing speed in major depression disorder","volume":"11","author":"Nu\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.135942","article-title":"Neural correlates of sustained attention and cognitive control in depression and rumination: an ERP study","volume":"756","author":"Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/embc40787.2023.10340667","article-title":"Deep depression detection with resting-state and cognitive-task EEG","volume":"2023","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(19)30278-0","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in people remitted from major depression","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23982128211007769","DOI":"10.1177\/23982128211007769","article-title":"Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: a prefrontal-cingular network","volume":"5","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci. Adv."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000478785","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in unipolar depression: the impact of rumination","volume":"50","author":"Schwert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(19)30291-3","article-title":"Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Semkovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.021","article-title":"Reliability and validity of Chinese version of perceived deficits questionnaire for depression in patients with MDD","volume":"252","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12333","article-title":"Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Shorey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115218","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in depression and cognitive benefits of exercise intervention","volume":"476","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028813","article-title":"Effort-based decision-making in major depressive disorder: a translational model of motivational anhedonia","volume":"121","author":"Treadway","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006","article-title":"Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience","volume":"35","author":"Treadway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00583-z","article-title":"Digital biomarkers: convergence of digital health technologies and biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0133-8","article-title":"Trait rumination, depression, and executive functions in early adolescence","volume":"44","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.024","article-title":"Correlation between cognitive deficits and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity in first-episode depression","volume":"312","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008","article-title":"A self-rating depression scale","volume":"12","author":"Zung","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1555416\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:52:51Z","timestamp":1740466371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1555416\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2025.1555416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1555416","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5188"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"article-number":"1555416"}}