{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:19:15Z","timestamp":1782933555050,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Computational neuroscience has traditionally focused on isolated scales, limiting understanding of brain function across multiple levels. While microscopic models capture biophysical details of neurons, macroscopic models describe large-scale network dynamics. Integrating these scales, however, remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present a novel co-simulation framework that bridges these levels by integrating the neural simulator Arbor with The Virtual Brain (TVB) platform. Arbor enables detailed simulations from single-compartment neurons to populations of such cells, while TVB models whole-brain dynamics based on anatomical features and the mean neural activity of a brain region. By linking these simulators for the first time, we provide an example of how to model and investigate the onset of seizures in specific areas and their propagation to the whole brain. This framework employs an MPI intercommunicator for real-time bidirectional interaction, translating between discrete spikes from Arbor and continuous TVB activity. Its fully modular design enables independent model selection for each scale, requiring minimal effort to translate activity across simulators. The novel Arbor-TVB co-simulator allows replacement of TVB nodes with biologically realistic neuron populations, offering insights into seizure propagation and potential intervention strategies. The integration of Arbor and TVB marks a significant advancement in multi-scale modeling, providing a comprehensive computational framework for studying neural disorders and optimizing treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2025.1731161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:33:13Z","timestamp":1770013993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Arbor-TVB: a novel multi-scale co-simulation framework with a case study on neural-level seizure generation and whole-brain propagation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Hater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, J\u00fclich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","place":["J\u00fclich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Courson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETIS Lab, ENSEA, CNRS, UMR8051, CY Cergy-Paris University","place":["Cergy, France"]},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick","place":["Coventry, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, J\u00fclich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","place":["J\u00fclich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Diaz-Pier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, J\u00fclich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","place":["J\u00fclich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanos","family":"Manos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETIS Lab, ENSEA, CNRS, UMR8051, CY Cergy-Paris University","place":["Cergy, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1109\/EMPDP.2019.8671560","article-title":"\u201cArbor \u2013 a morphologically-detailed neural network simulation library for contemporary high-performance computing architectures,\u201d","volume-title":"2019 27th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing (PDP)","author":"Abi Akar","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00639-1","article-title":"Local calcium signaling in neurons","volume":"40","author":"Augustine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11851-0","article-title":"Propagation of temporal and rate signals in cultured multilayer networks","volume":"10","author":"Barral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Breyton","year":"2024","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.98920"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003259","article-title":"A simple rule for dendritic spine and axonal bouton formation can account for cortical reorganization after focal retinal lesions","volume":"9","author":"Butz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541612","author":"Carnevale","year":"2006","journal-title":"The NEURON Book"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51919-0","article-title":"Competitive processes shape multi-synapse plasticity along dendritic segments","volume":"15","author":"Chater","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46298\/mna.7284","article-title":"Neural field models: A mathematical overview and unifying framework","volume":"2","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathem. Neurosci. Appl"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-025-00903-8","article-title":"Cortical dynamics of neural-connectivity fields","volume":"53","author":"Cooray","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010915","article-title":"Global dynamics of neural mass models","volume":"19","author":"Cooray","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360009","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2024.1360009","article-title":"An exploratory computational analysis in mice brain networks of widespread epileptic seizure onset locations along with potential strategies for effective intervention and propagation control","volume":"18","author":"Courson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","author":"Cumming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arbor v0.10.0"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062912-114322","article-title":"Rna protein interaction in neurons","volume":"36","author":"Darnell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000092","article-title":"The dynamic brain: from spiking neurons to neural masses and cortical fields","volume":"4","author":"Deco","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11239","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1091-13.2013","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity emerges from structurally and dynamically shaped slow linear fluctuations","volume":"33","author":"Deco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.017","article-title":"Hierarchical heterogeneity across human cortex shapes large-scale neural dynamics","volume":"101","author":"Demirta\u015f","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-022-00811-1","article-title":"A unified physiological framework of transitions between seizures, sustained ictal activity and depolarization block at the single neuron level","volume":"2022","author":"Depannemaecker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00057","article-title":"Automatic generation of connectivity for large-scale neuronal network models through structural plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Diaz-Pier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091838","article-title":"Gut bacteria and neurotransmitters","volume":"10","author":"Dicks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.983147","article-title":"Selective connectivity enhances storage capacity in attractor models of memory function","volume":"104","author":"Emina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Systems Neurosci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100038464","article-title":"Excitation and inhibition in epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Engel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Canadian J.Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83542-w","article-title":"Symmetry breaking organizes the brain's resting state manifold","volume":"14","author":"Fousek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0630","article-title":"Nonlinear responses in fmri: The balloon model, volterra kernels, and other hemodynamics","volume":"12","author":"Friston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.02.032","article-title":"Graph theory and cognition: a complementary avenue for examining neuropsychological status in epilepsy","volume":"64","author":"Garcia-Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2311885121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311885121","article-title":"Neural heterogeneity controls computations in spiking neural networks","volume":"121","author":"Gast","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1430","article-title":"Nest (neural simulation tool)","volume":"2","author":"Gewaltig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1453","article-title":"High-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network activity with near-millisecond precision","volume":"7","author":"Grewe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00703.2010","article-title":"Kinetic modeling of nav1. 7 provides insight into erythromelalgia-associated f1449v mutation","volume":"105","author":"Gurkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.03.601851","article-title":"Multi-scale modelling of location-and frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons","author":"Hananeia","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2025.3562951","article-title":"Principles and operation of virtual brain twins","author":"Hashemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.031.2009","article-title":"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain","volume":"3","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201895109","article-title":"The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost","volume":"109","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/003754978404200105","article-title":"Advances in simulation software technology","volume":"42","author":"Hines","year":"1984","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004718","article-title":"The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of loligo","volume":"116","author":"Hodgkin","year":"","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004717","article-title":"Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of loligo","volume":"116","author":"Hodgkin","year":"","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004716","article-title":"Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of loligo","volume":"116","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156683","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2024.1156683","article-title":"Multiscale co-simulation design pattern for neuroscience applications","volume":"18","author":"Kusch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120403","article-title":"The virtual aging brain: Causal inference supports interhemispheric dedifferentiation in healthy aging","volume":"283","author":"Lavanga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B40","author":"Linssen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nestml 8.0.0"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2963430","article-title":"Excitation and inhibition balance underlying epileptiform activity","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004719","article-title":"The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant","volume":"6","author":"Loligo","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88376.2","article-title":"The interplay between homeostatic synaptic scaling and homeostatic structural plasticity maintains the robust firing rate of neural networks","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5203072","article-title":"Repetitive magnetic stimulation with itbs600 induces persistent structural and functional plasticity in mouse organotypic slice cultures","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Luboeinski","year":"2024","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2411.16445"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01778-y","article-title":"Memory consolidation and improvement by synaptic tagging and capture in recurrent neural networks","volume":"4","author":"Luboeinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295395","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2023.1295395","article-title":"Enhanced simulations of whole-brain dynamics using hybrid resting-state structural connectomes","volume":"17","author":"Manos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716556","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.716556","article-title":"Long-term desynchronization by coordinated reset stimulation in a neural network model with synaptic and structural plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Manos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006113","article-title":"How stimulation frequency and intensity impact on the long-lasting effects of coordinated reset stimulation","author":"Manos","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00376","article-title":"Short-term dosage regimen for stimulation-induced long-lasting desynchronization","volume":"9","author":"Manos","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1376","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures: an educational, evidence-based review","volume":"24","author":"Mauritz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114111","article-title":"Virtual deep brain stimulation: Multiscale co-simulation of a spiking basal ganglia model and a whole-brain mean-field model with the virtual brain","volume":"354","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0111-17.2017","article-title":"The virtual mouse brain: A computational neuroinformatics platform to study whole mouse brain dynamics","author":"Melozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004759","article-title":"Plasticity-driven self-organization under topological constraints accounts for non-random features of cortical synaptic wiring","volume":"12","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1204134","article-title":"Virtual brain simulations reveal network-specific parameters in neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"15","author":"Monteverdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"12167","article-title":"\u201cExplaining heterogeneity in medial entorhinal cortex with task-driven neural networks,\u201d","author":"Nayebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1509-04.2004","article-title":"Epilepsy in small-world networks","volume":"24","author":"Netoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13186","article-title":"A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain","volume":"508","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.073","article-title":"Openfmri: Open sharing of task fMRI data","volume":"144","author":"Poldrack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118201","article-title":"Inter-subject and inter-parcellation variability of resting-state whole-brain dynamical modeling","volume":"236","author":"Popovych","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00068","article-title":"What can computational models contribute to neuroimaging data analytics?","volume":"12","author":"Popovych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP104249","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.104249.1","article-title":"Biophysically inspired mean-field model of neuronal populations driven by ion exchange mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Rabuffo","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1056","article-title":"Synchrony-dependent propagation of firing rate in iteratively constructed networks in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Reyes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0120","article-title":"The virtual brain integrates computational modeling and multimodal neuroimaging","volume":"3","author":"Ritter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004265","article-title":"Energy efficient sparse connectivity from imbalanced synaptic plasticity rules","volume":"11","author":"Sacramento","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00010","article-title":"The virtual brain: a simulator of primate brain network dynamics","volume":"7","author":"Sanz Leon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.002","article-title":"Mathematical framework for large-scale brain network modeling in the virtual brain","volume":"111","author":"Sanz-Leon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118973","article-title":"Brain simulation as a cloud service: the virtual brain on ebrains","volume":"251","author":"Schirner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.47.487","article-title":"The electrophysics of a nerve fiber","volume":"47","author":"Scott","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2022.100058","article-title":"Multiscale co-simulation of deep brain stimulation with brain networks in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"3","author":"Shaheen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Multiphysics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630172","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2021.630172","article-title":"Bridging scales in alzheimer's disease: biological framework for brain simulation with the virtual brain","volume":"15","author":"Stefanovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2019.00054","article-title":"Linking molecular pathways and large-scale computational modeling to assess candidate disease mechanisms and pharmacodynamics in alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Stefanovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Comp. Neurosci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47314","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47314","article-title":"Brian 2, an intuitive and efficient neural simulator","volume":"8","author":"Stimberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013007","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXLife.2.013007","article-title":"Ion channels in critical membranes: clustering, cooperativity, and memory effects","volume":"2","author":"Suma","year":"2024","journal-title":"PRX Life"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.11.002","article-title":"Characterizing and targeting glioblastoma neuron-tumor networks with retrograde tracing","volume":"188","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1854.0093","article-title":"On the theory of the electric telegraph","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"1855","journal-title":"Proc. Royal Soc"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.12.034","article-title":"C-fiber recovery cycle supernormality depends on ion concentration and ion channel permeability","volume":"108","author":"Tigerholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00777.2012","article-title":"Modeling activity-dependent changes of axonal spike conduction in primary afferent c-nociceptors","volume":"111","author":"Tigerholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8812","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08812.2000","article-title":"Stable hebbian learning from spike timing-dependent plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Van Rossum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"176","article-title":"Messungen \u00fcber den zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckung animalischer Muskeln und die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Nerven [Measurements of the time course of contraction in animal muscles and the propagation speed of excitation in the nerves]","volume":"17","author":"Von Helmholtz","year":"1850","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00841-6","article-title":"Virtual brain twins for stimulation in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01092-9","article-title":"Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn987","article-title":"Regulation of transcription factors by neuronal activity","volume":"3","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13592","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0603-08.2008","article-title":"Principles of long-term dynamics of dendritic spines","volume":"28","author":"Yasumatsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002848","article-title":"Network self-organization explains the statistics and dynamics of synaptic connection strengths in cortex","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1731161\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:33:15Z","timestamp":1770013995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1731161\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2025.1731161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2025.1731161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"article-number":"1731161"}}