{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:15:36Z","timestamp":1771481736906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZY3010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZY3010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by motor and vocal tics that significantly impair quality of life. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods face challenges due to subjectivity, lack of personalisation, and difficulties in prognostic prediction. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers novel solutions, advancing TS management towards precision medicine. This article presents a conceptual framework for AI-driven technologies in TS, advocating for a paradigm shift from empirical treatment to precision medicine. We discuss key components including predictive model construction, personalised diagnosis, treatment strategies, and intelligent monitoring. Research indicates that the core value of AI in TS precision medicine lies in its predictiveness, individualisation, and intelligence. Predictive models using multimodal data enable early identification and prognostic assessment. Furthermore, personalised approaches tailor diagnosis and treatment to individual patient characteristics, thereby improving outcomes. Intelligent systems enable automated monitoring and real-time adjustments, optimising clinical workflows. Substantial clinical evidence demonstrates that AI-driven precision medicine improves diagnostic accuracy, optimises treatments, and enhances patient prognosis. Despite this potential, challenges remain in data quality, algorithm interpretability, and clinical translation. Future efforts should focus on enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration, promoting standardisation, and facilitating clinical adoption to deliver more precise, effective, and accessible care for TS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2026.1772244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:23:36Z","timestamp":1771478616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards precision medicine in Tourette syndrome: a perspective on AI-driven predictive modelling and personalised care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cuijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bocai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9060154","article-title":"Family physicians' feedback on the feature Design of a Digital Health Platform to streamline the Care of Older Adults","volume":"9","author":"Abbasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583477","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1583477","article-title":"Towards a sustainable rare disease and orphan drug ecosystem in Saudi Arabia: policy insights from a multi-stakeholder workshop","volume":"16","author":"Abozaid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155263","article-title":"From promise to practice: a roadmap for artificial intelligence in critical care","volume":"91","author":"Agard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-025-00461-w","article-title":"The ethics of data mining in healthcare: challenges, frameworks, and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioData Min"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2025.104405","article-title":"Explainable deep learning framework for brain tumor detection: integrating LIME, grad-CAM, and SHAP for enhanced accuracy","volume":"144","author":"Akg\u00fcndo\u011fdu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13131487","article-title":"Assessing clinicians' legal concerns and the need for a regulatory framework for AI in healthcare: a mixed-methods study","volume":"13","author":"Alanazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.09.004","article-title":"Reinforcement learning at the interface of artificial intelligence and cognitive science","volume":"585","author":"Alkam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2024-110624","article-title":"AI-assisted consent in paediatric medicine: ethical implications of using large language models to support decision-making","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.007","article-title":"A novel visuospatial priming task for rats with relevance to Tourette syndrome and modulation of dopamine levels","volume":"37","author":"Amitai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13647-3","article-title":"CHASHNIt for enhancing skin disease classification using GAN augmented hybrid model with LIME and SHAP based XAI heatmaps","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03134-0","article-title":"Exploring doctors' perspectives on precision medicine and AI in colorectal cancer: opportunities and challenges for the doctor-patient relationship","volume":"25","author":"Ancillotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e248468","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.8468","article-title":"Internet-delivered exposure and response prevention for Pediatric Tourette syndrome: 12-month follow-up of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Andren","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03087-4","article-title":"Integrating an AI platform into clinical IT: BPMN processes for clinical AI model development","volume":"25","author":"Arshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2025.100348","article-title":"IoT-based approach for diabetes patient monitoring using machine learning","volume":"35","author":"Ayouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"SLAS Technol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2024.2438309","article-title":"Closed-loop systems for deep brain stimulation to treat neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"21","author":"Balachandar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2025.152144","article-title":"Transforming neonatal care through informatics: a review of artificial intelligence, data, and implementation considerations","volume":"49","author":"Barrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2599-4135","article-title":"Framework for improving patient safety: reference model for FHIR-enabled, patient-centric home medication list management and medication reconciliation","volume":"16","author":"Bastola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Inform."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301660","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1301660","article-title":"Health data space nodes for privacy-preserving linkage of medical data to support collaborative secondary analyses","volume":"11","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/iembs.2010.5627374","article-title":"Automatic detection of tic activity in the Tourette syndrome","volume":"2010","author":"Bernabei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548387","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2548387","article-title":"Acceptance of virtual reality to promote attention orientation in children: a qualitative study among children with ADHD and neurotypical development","volume":"57","author":"Bernardelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70963","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70963","article-title":"High-performance deep learning for instant Pest and disease detection in precision agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Bilal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60204","DOI":"10.2196\/60204","article-title":"Proposal for using AI to assess clinical data integrity and generate metadata: algorithm development and validation","volume":"13","author":"B\u00f6nisch","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62629-6","article-title":"Patient-derived tumoroids from CIC::DUX4 rearranged sarcoma identify MCL1 as a therapeutic target","volume":"16","author":"Breunis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107630","article-title":"Understanding the development, performance, fairness, and transparency of machine learning models used in child protection prediction: a systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Bull","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050435","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental tics with co-morbid functional tic-like Behaviors: diagnostic challenges of a complex Tourette syndrome phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Cavanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2025-001632","article-title":"Reporting guideline for chatbot health advice studies: the chatbot assessment reporting tool (CHART) statement","volume":"4","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16733","article-title":"A deep learning-based multimodal fusion model for recurrence prediction in persistent atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2011012","article-title":"Aripiprazole use in children and adolescent psychiatric patients","volume":"66","author":"Chevreuil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111525","article-title":"Validity of diagnostic support model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a machine learning approach","volume":"13","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29593","article-title":"Automated quantification of eye tics using computer vision and deep learning techniques","volume":"39","author":"Conelea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.70059","article-title":"GenoStaR: an R package for genotype to star allele conversion for major cytochrome P450 family of genes","volume":"119","author":"Coulter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.12.2.026001","article-title":"Identifying texture features from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans associated with Tourette's syndrome using machine learning","volume":"12","author":"de Barros","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71989","DOI":"10.2196\/71989","article-title":"Smartphone-based self-monitoring in first episode psychosis: mixed-methods study of barriers and facilitators to engagement","volume":"27","author":"Del Piccolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1471169","article-title":"Assistive technology and people: a position paper from the first global research, innovation and education on assistive technology (GREAT) summit","volume":"13","author":"Desmond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90216-8","article-title":"Transformer-based deep learning ensemble framework predicts autism spectrum disorder using health administrative and birth registry data","volume":"15","author":"Dick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076251375570","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251375570","article-title":"Federated learning-based virtual dual-energy CT generation from single-energy CT for gout detection","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70620","DOI":"10.2196\/70620","article-title":"Platform Technology for Extended Reality Biofeedback Training under Operant Conditioning for functional limb weakness: protocol for the coproduction of an at-home solution (React2Home)","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retram.2025.103541","article-title":"Explainable AI for Parkinson's disease prediction: a machine learning approach with interpretable models","volume":"73","author":"Esan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Res Transl Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01820-9","article-title":"Association between human herpesviruses infections and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders: insights from two-sample mendelian randomization analyses and systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2025.2548330","article-title":"An overview of transcranial direct current stimulation for tic symptoms in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Frey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.08.007","article-title":"Integrative omics redefining allergy mechanisms and precision medicine","volume":"74","author":"Fukushima-Nomura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.06.011","article-title":"Technologies and emerging trends in wearable biosensing","volume":"216","author":"Ganatra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02390-w","article-title":"Spatiotemporal multi-omics analysis uncovers NAD-dependent immunosuppressive niche triggering early gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/208596","article-title":"Establishing new boundaries for medical liability: the role of AI as a decision-maker","volume":"34","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15701638361312","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701638361312250402125556","article-title":"Effective integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain Technologies for Empowerment of drug discovery and development","volume":"22","author":"Gomase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.S544476","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of a novel AI-software dependent neuromodulation (ASDN) with remote monitoring capability field stimulation device for chronic pain: a 24-month analysis of over 2000 patients","volume":"18","author":"Green","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"B5465","article-title":"Tourette syndrome in a longitudinal perspective. Clinical course of tics and comorbidities, coexisting psychopathologies, phenotypes and predictors","volume":"65","author":"Groth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819867245","article-title":"Predictors of the clinical course of Tourette syndrome: a longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Groth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103469","article-title":"Mitigating the impact of motor impairment on self-administered digital tests: a longitudinal cohort study in stroke","volume":"88","author":"Gruia","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2506316122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2506316122","article-title":"Sparse autoencoders uncover biologically interpretable features in protein language model representations","volume":"122","author":"Gujral","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68291","DOI":"10.2196\/68291","article-title":"Applications of federated large language model for adverse drug reactions prediction: scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123716","article-title":"Emerging frontiers in microRNA technology: innovations driving precision medicine","volume":"326","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-025-00338-1","article-title":"Three-layered semantic framework for public health intelligence","volume":"16","author":"Guru Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biomed Semantics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103141","article-title":"Use of superpixels for improvement of inter-rater and intra-rater reliability during annotation of medical images","volume":"94","author":"Gut","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70523","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity, Tic severity and quality of life in adults with Tourette's syndrome","author":"Hartmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61329-5","article-title":"The Helicobacter pylori AI-clinician harnesses artificial intelligence to personalise H. pylori treatment recommendations","volume":"16","author":"Higgins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.70221","article-title":"Evaluation of image-level harmonization methods for multi-Center MR neuroimaging","author":"Ho","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-04025-4","article-title":"Dual site external validation of artificial intelligence-enabled treatment monitoring for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in England","volume":"39","author":"Hogg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/CPMS3211","article-title":"Online remote behavioural intervention for tics in 9- to 17-year-olds: the ORBIT RCT with embedded process and economic evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Hollis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qmh.0000000000000547","article-title":"Navigating communication: crafting guidelines for epic secure Chat in an Academic Medical Center","author":"Howard-Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual. Manag. Health Care"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01152-8","article-title":"From traditional medicine to modern medicine: the importance of TCM regulatory science (TCMRS) as an emerging discipline","volume":"20","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.045","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction in pediatric tourette syndrome neuroimaging evidence from MRI metrics","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2025-326307","article-title":"Is the FDA regulation of cardiology AI devices supporting cardiovascular innovation: a scoping review","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633851","article-title":"Internationalization of healthcare applications: a generic approach for PACS workstations","volume":"43","author":"Hussein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-025-01630-3","article-title":"QCNN-Swin-UNet: quantum convolutional neural network integrated with optimized Swin-UNet for efficient liver tumor segmentation and classification on edge devices","author":"Idress","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Imaging Inform Med."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5102","DOI":"10.3390\/s25165102","article-title":"Secure integration of sensor networks and distributed web Systems for Electronic Health Records and Custom CRM","volume":"25","author":"Ileana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09696-3","article-title":"A hybrid fog-edge computing architecture for real-time health monitoring in IoMT systems with optimized latency and threat resilience","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04035-5","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of different exercise interventions on quality of life in stroke patients: a randomized controlled network meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262057","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1262057","article-title":"Biomarkers and Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78828","DOI":"10.2196\/78828","article-title":"User satisfaction with pregnancy management apps in mainland China: user-generated content analysis and text mining study","volume":"27","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.23736\/s1973-9087.24.08275-3","article-title":"360\u00b0 immersive virtual reality-based mirror therapy for upper extremity function and satisfaction among stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02925-0","article-title":"Therapist-guided, mobile app-assisted behavioural treatment for children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a pilot randomised controlled trial","author":"Johnk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98624","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.98624","article-title":"Open-loop and closed-loop neuromodulation across neurological disorders toward personalized brain stimulation: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Kachhadia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1606","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v5i2.1606","article-title":"Designing the CORI score for COVID-19 diagnosis in parallel with deep learning-based imaging models","volume":"5","author":"Kamelia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Narra J"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608832","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1608832","article-title":"CDFA: calibrated deep feature aggregation for screening synergistic drug combinations","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00972.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Tourette syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Kano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01516-7","article-title":"Evaluating genome sequencing strategies: trio, singleton, and standard testing in rare disease diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Kaschta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110825","article-title":"Comparison of machine learning algorithms for predicting length of stay in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"196","author":"Kiremit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01712-2","article-title":"AI applications in disaster governance with health approach: a scoping review","volume":"83","author":"Kolivand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-025-02721-9","article-title":"CHAT-RT study: ChatGPT in radiation oncology-a survey on usage, perception, and impact among DEGRO members","volume":"20","author":"Konnerth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf298","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf298","article-title":"Pontocerebellar hypoplasia: a review from 1912 to 2022","volume":"7","author":"Kukulka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22799036251361380","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036251361380","article-title":"Bridging gaps in dementia care across southeastern Europe: regional challenges, cross-border innovation, and implementation barriers","volume":"14","author":"Kurz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32103","article-title":"Gene expression changes in peripheral blood from Chinese Han patients with Tourette syndrome","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01874-7","article-title":"Machine learning based predictive model of the risk of Tourette syndrome with SHAP value interpretation: a retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583507","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1583507","article-title":"Ethical AI in medical text generation: balancing innovation with privacy in public health","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103739","article-title":"CXR-LT 2024: a MICCAI challenge on long-tailed, multi-label, and zero-shot disease classification from chest X-ray","volume":"106","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076105","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in early Tourette syndrome children: a combined voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics study","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162695","article-title":"Integrating precision medicine and digital health in personalized weight management: the central role of nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbaf467","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf467","article-title":"Graph-based deep learning for integrating single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data to identify clinical cancer subtypes","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2025.102621","article-title":"ConvTNet fusion: a robust transformer-CNN framework for multi-class classification, multimodal feature fusion, and tissue heterogeneity handling","volume":"125","author":"Mahmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.006","article-title":"Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: the clinical Spectrum beyond tics","volume":"134","author":"Martino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-025-01093-2","article-title":"A comprehensive landscape of AI applications in broad-spectrum drug interaction prediction: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Marzouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-025-02561-x","article-title":"Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users","volume":"25","author":"Meaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25278","article-title":"Analysis of CYP2D6 genotype and response to tetrabenazine","volume":"28","author":"Mehanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06311-w","article-title":"Multimodal radiomics fusion for predicting postoperative recurrence in NSCLC patients","volume":"151","author":"Mehri-Kakavand","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(25)00270-4","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"24","author":"Montalban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2720","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006862","article-title":"Data-driven quality of care in the ICU: a concise review","volume":"53","author":"Moralez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.Jns204026","article-title":"Neuroanatomical considerations for optimizing thalamic deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Morishita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.3390\/s25113424","article-title":"The human voice as a digital health solution leveraging artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Muddaloor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307156121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2307156121","article-title":"Human mutations in high-confidence Tourette disorder genes affect sensorimotor behavior, reward learning, and striatal dopamine in mice","volume":"121","author":"Nasello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography11080091","article-title":"Autoencoder-assisted stacked ensemble learning for lymphoma subtype classification: a hybrid deep learning and machine learning approach","volume":"11","author":"Ogundokun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59587","DOI":"10.2196\/59587","article-title":"Data preprocessing techniques for AI and machine learning readiness: scoping review of wearable sensor data in Cancer care","volume":"12","author":"Ortiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.4979","article-title":"Digital mental health tools and AI therapy chatbots: a balanced approach to regulation","volume":"55","author":"Palmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hast. Cent. Rep."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01140-w","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ecopipam in patients with Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Panda","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012285","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012285.pub2","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70123","article-title":"Computer vision Technologies in Movement Disorders: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI210545","article-title":"Towards the representation of genomic data in HL7 FHIR and OMOP CDM","volume":"283","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155269","article-title":"Septic shock: past, present, and perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Plata-Menchaca","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06931-8","article-title":"The autism Spectrum disorder subtypes identification based on features of structural and functional coupling","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3233\/shti250909","article-title":"Enhancing AI clinical decision support trust: design workshop insights from general practitioners","volume":"329","author":"Ranwala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22449","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22449","article-title":"Efficacy of behavioural intervention, antipsychotics, and alpha agonists in the treatment of tics disorder in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Rizwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01072-4","article-title":"Vesicular monoamine transport inhibitors: current uses and future directions","volume":"406","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00240-2","article-title":"A systematic review of pharmacogenetic testing to guide antipsychotic treatment","volume":"2","author":"Saadullah Khani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70014","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70014","article-title":"Feasibility study of using CNN-GRU-dense model for real-time liver tumor tracking during radiotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Samadi Miandoab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7808","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167808","article-title":"Integrative diagnostic and prognostic paradigms in diffuse axonal injury: insights from clinical, histopathological, biomolecular, radiological, and AI-based perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Santurro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583466","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466","article-title":"Digital twin for personalized medicine development","volume":"7","author":"Saratkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14158","article-title":"Automated video-based approach for the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Schappert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1190-4","article-title":"European multicentre tics in children studies (EMTICS): protocol for two cohort studies to assess risk factors for tic onset and exacerbation in children and adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Schrag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01315-5","article-title":"A hybrid ECC-AES encryption framework for secure and efficient cloud-based data protection","volume":"15","author":"Selvi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.03.007","article-title":"Advances in Tourette syndrome: diagnoses and treatment","volume":"62","author":"Serajee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16908","article-title":"A primer of data cleaning in quantitative research: handling missing values and outliers","volume":"82","author":"Sharifnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2025-0109","article-title":"The global progress for improving diagnosis: what we've learned, what comes next","volume":"12","author":"Shimizu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1109\/jbhi.2022.3187950","article-title":"Multi-objective reinforcement learning based healthcare expansion planning considering pandemic events","volume":"27","author":"Shuvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.09.004","article-title":"The role of CBGTC synaptic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of tics","volume":"48","author":"Singer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71963","DOI":"10.2196\/71963","article-title":"Effectiveness and user experience of immersive virtual reality in cognitive rehabilitation for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Single","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103794","article-title":"Developing a knowledge-guided federated graph attention learning network with a diffusion module to diagnose Alzheimer's disease","volume":"107","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2025.105444","article-title":"Large language models in radiology workflows: an exploratory study of generative AI for non-visual tasks in the German healthcare system","volume":"161","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.09.008","article-title":"Unfolding the diagnostic pipeline of diabetic retinopathy with artificial intelligence: a systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Suganya Devi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S251499","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and assessment in patients with Tourette syndrome and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"17","author":"Szejko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102952","article-title":"Automatic two-dimensional & three-dimensional video analysis with deep learning for movement disorders: a systematic review","volume":"156","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175272","article-title":"Digital cardiovascular twins, AI agents, and sensor data: a narrative review from system architecture to proactive heart health","volume":"25","author":"Tasmurzayev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/14622416.2025.2541402","article-title":"Evidence level for pharmacogenetic testing in antidepressant treatment: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7120983","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7120983","article-title":"A novel intelligent hybrid optimized analytics and streaming engine for medical big data","volume":"2022","author":"Thilagaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/crd.0000000000001052","article-title":"AI-driven multimodality fusion in cardiac imaging: integrating CT, MRI, and echocardiography for precision","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2020.314.341","article-title":"Clinical implementation of preemptive pharmacogenomics in psychiatry: \u03a4he \"PREPARE\" study","volume":"31","author":"Tsermpini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/kgfa8471","article-title":"Determining optimal strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a synopsis of an evidence synthesis study","volume":"29","author":"Uthman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360895","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1360895","article-title":"Exposure and response prevention versus risperidone for the treatment of tic disorders: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"van de Griendt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119729","article-title":"Development and validation of a machine learning model to predict cognitive behavioral therapy outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder using clinical and neuroimaging data","volume":"389","author":"van de Mortel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.108121","article-title":"Eye blinking abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: blink more or blink differently?","volume":"142","author":"Verrel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e099744","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099744","article-title":"Assessing a visual editor for healthcare questionnaires based on the fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR) standard: protocol for a cross-sectional, mixed-methods usability evaluation using eye-tracking and retrospective think-aloud","volume":"15","author":"Vogel","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.05.058","article-title":"Transcranial sonography of subcortical structures in tic\/tourette disorder","volume":"176","author":"Walter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06310-6","article-title":"Environmental moderators of tic severity and quality of life in children with tic disorders","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20240615","article-title":"Health care encounters and expenditures among children with diagnosed tic disorders and co-occurring disorders, 2022","volume":"76","author":"Wanga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076251358531","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251358531","article-title":"Federated learning and differential privacy: machine learning and deep learning for biomedical image data classification","volume":"11","author":"Wassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03220-9","article-title":"Thalamo-frontal functional connectivity patterns in Tourette syndrome: insights from combined intracranial DBS and EEG recordings","volume":"31","author":"Wehmeyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0519-1","article-title":"Combining disrupted and discriminative topological properties of functional connectivity networks as neuroimaging biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of early Tourette syndrome children","volume":"55","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-2025-183","article-title":"Multimodal model enhances qualitative diagnosis of hypervascular thyroid nodules: integrating radiomics and deep learning features based on B-mode and PDI images","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003968","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003968","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and pharmacotherapy choices in children newly diagnosed with tic disorders in China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pbaf016","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaf016","article-title":"Utilizing multimodal artificial intelligence to advance cardiovascular diseases. Precis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.08.018","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in HFpEF: diagnosis, prognosis, and management strategies","volume":"87","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02723-5","article-title":"Interpretable machine learning model predicts 1-year inguinal hernia risk after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070857","article-title":"Interrogating the genetic determinants of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders through genome-wide association studies","volume":"176","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101439","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2025-101439","article-title":"Real-time activity and fall detection using transformer-based deep learning models for elderly care applications","volume":"32","author":"Zafar","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ health care Inform"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01869-w","article-title":"Multimodal fusion radiomic-immunologic scoring model: accurate identification of prostate cancer progression","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2025.110502","article-title":"DF-TransUNet: a novel TransUNet model of pixel level classification for cardiac MR image segmentation","volume":"124","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.109014","article-title":"A comprehensive review of techniques, algorithms, advancements, challenges, and clinical applications of multi-modal medical image fusion for improved diagnosis","volume":"272","author":"Zubair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2026.1772244\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:23:38Z","timestamp":1771478618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncom.2026.1772244\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncom.2026.1772244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2026.1772244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"article-number":"1772244"}}