{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T18:23:11Z","timestamp":1772302991989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neuroinform."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a cardiopulmonary condition that can be fatal. PE can lead to sudden cardiovascular collapse and is potentially life-threatening, necessitating risk classification to modify therapy following the diagnosis of PE. We collected clinical characteristics, routine blood data, and arterial blood gas analysis data from all 139 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combining these data, this paper proposes a PE risk stratified prediction framework based on machine learning technology. An improved algorithm is proposed by adding sobol sequence and black hole mechanism to the cuckoo search algorithm (CS), called SBCS. Based on the coupling of the enhanced algorithm and the kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), a prediction framework is also proposed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>To confirm the overall performance of SBCS, we run benchmark function experiments in this work. The results demonstrate that SBCS has great convergence accuracy and speed. Then, tests based on seven open data sets are carried out in this study to verify the performance of SBCS on the feature selection problem. To further demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the SBCS-KELM framework, this paper conducts aided diagnosis experiments on PE data collected from the hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experiment findings show that the indicators chosen, such as syncope, systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation (SaO2%), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil percentage (NEUT%), and others, are crucial for the feature selection approach presented in this study to assess the severity of PE. The classification results reveal that the prediction model\u2019s accuracy is 99.26% and its sensitivity is 98.57%. It is expected to become a new and accurate method to distinguish the severity of PE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2022.1029690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T04:36:14Z","timestamp":1671165374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection of pulmonary embolism severity using clinical characteristics, hematological indices, and machine learning techniques"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fanhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeqi","family":"Shou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peiliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yanfan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.12.096","article-title":"Economic dispatch using chaotic bat algorithm.","volume":"96","author":"Adarsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00164714","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment for acute pulmonary embolism: A pathophysiology-based clinical approach.","volume":"45","author":"Agnelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2015.1055828","article-title":"Intelligent breast cancer recognition using particle swarm optimization and support vector machines.","volume":"28","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115079","article-title":"RUN beyond the metaphor: An efficient optimization algorithm based on runge kutta method.","volume":"181","author":"Ahmadianfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116516","article-title":"INFO: An efficient optimization algorithm based on weighted mean of vectors.","volume":"195","author":"Ahmadianfar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90433-A","article-title":"Recurrent pulmonary embolism with second-degree atrioventricular block and near syncope.","author":"Akinboboye","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-862OC","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism.","volume":"172","author":"Aujesky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-syb.2019.0028","article-title":"Chaotic emperor penguin optimised extreme learning machine for microarray cancer classification.","volume":"14","author":"Baliarsingh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597556","article-title":"Risk stratification for proven acute pulmonary embolism: What information is needed?","volume":"38","author":"Barrios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00024-2016","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism: Mortality prediction by the 2014 European society of cardiology risk stratification model.","volume":"48","author":"Becattini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.118638","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism causes endomyocarditis in the human heart.","volume":"94","author":"Begieneman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.12.001","article-title":"A new quantum chaotic cuckoo search algorithm for data clustering.","volume":"96","author":"Boushaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008687","article-title":"White blood cell counts in persons aged 65 years or more from the cardiovascular health study. Correlations with baseline clinical and demographic characteristics.","volume":"143","author":"Bovill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/641876.641879","article-title":"Implementing sobols quasirandom sequence generator (algorithm 659).","volume":"29","author":"Bratley","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy037","article-title":"2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope.","volume":"39","author":"Brignole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17188","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2741521","article-title":"A new hybrid intelligent framework for predicting Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2021.3087639","article-title":"A Study on the strong duality of second-order conic relaxation of AC optimal power flow in radial networks.","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103658","article-title":"The algorithm of stereo vision and shape from shading based on endoscope imaging.","volume":"76","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x03vm510oa","article-title":"Syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism: Comparison between patients with syncope as the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism and patients with pulmonary embolism without syncope.","volume":"8","author":"Castelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2021.04.006","article-title":"Dealing with multi-modality using synthesis of Moth-flame optimizer with sine cosine mechanisms.","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2014.04.039","article-title":"Towards an optimal support vector machine classifier using a parallel particle swarm optimization strategy.","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.07.138","article-title":"An efficient hybrid kernel extreme learning machine approach for early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.001415","article-title":"Relating oxygen partial pressure, saturation and content: The haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve.","volume":"11","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.03.026","article-title":"The prognostic value of syncope on mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"76","author":"de Winter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2022.109419","article-title":"An adaptive differential evolution algorithm based on belief space and generalized opposition-based learning for resource allocation.","volume":"127","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3030792","article-title":"An enhanced MSIQDE algorithm with novel multiple strategies for global optimization problems.","volume":"52","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBIC.2020.10033314","article-title":"An effective improved co-evolution ant colony optimization algorithm with multi-strategies and its application.","volume":"16","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio Inspir. Comput."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"A novel gate resource allocation method using improved PSO-Based QEA.","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.08.115","article-title":"Multi-strategy particle swarm and ant colony hybrid optimization for airport taxiway planning problem.","volume":"612","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010324","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010324","article-title":"Prognostic models in acute pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Elias","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12591","article-title":"Is oxygen saturation variable of simplified pulmonary embolism severity index reliable for identification of patients, suitable for outpatient treatment.","volume":"12","author":"Erol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3003506","article-title":"Solving fuzzy job-shop scheduling problem using DE algorithm improved by a selection mechanism.","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2021.3128906","article-title":"Multi-view clustering with self-representation and structural constraint","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on big data"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16004-2","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism.","volume":"363","author":"Goldhaber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07534-5","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism: Clinical outcomes in the international cooperative pulmonary embolism registry (ICOPER).","volume":"353","author":"Goldhaber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.24.2817","article-title":"Short-term clinical outcome of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, normal blood pressure, and echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction.","volume":"101","author":"Grifoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.23919\/CSMS.2021.0018","article-title":"Distributed flow shop scheduling with sequence-dependent setup times using an improved iterated greedy algorithm","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complex system modeling and simulation"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2020.3027620","article-title":"Knee-based decision making and visualization in many-objective optimization.","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2019.2933444","article-title":"Evolutionary multiobjective optimization with robustness enhancement.","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.028","article-title":"Harris hawks optimization: Algorithm and applications.","volume":"97","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128b","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80014-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.","author":"Hirsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107761","article-title":"Dispersed foraging slime mould algorithm: Continuous and binary variants for global optimization and wrapper-based feature selection.","volume":"237","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105760","article-title":"Colorectal polyp region extraction using saliency detection network with neutrosophic enhancement.","volume":"147","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-021-01542-0","article-title":"Boosting whale optimization with evolution strategy and Gaussian random walks: An image segmentation method.","author":"Hussien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-018-0820-y","article-title":"Advancing competitive position in healthcare: A hybrid metaheuristic nutrition decision support system.","volume":"10","author":"Ileri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00367-4","article-title":"Two cases of right ventricular ischemic injury due to massive pulmonary embolism.","volume":"116","author":"Iwadate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic. Sci. Int."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318214914f","article-title":"Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A scientific statement from the american heart association.","volume":"123","author":"Jaff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277s","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029618808922","article-title":"A new model for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism.","volume":"24","author":"Jen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029614540037","article-title":"Correlates of syncope in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism.","volume":"21","author":"Jenab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6084917","article-title":"An adaptive chaotic sine cosine algorithm for constrained and unconstrained optimization.","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331214544211","article-title":"Novel improved cuckoo search for PID controller design.","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-13-74","article-title":"Leukocytes and systemic inflammatory response syndrome as prognostic factors in pulmonary embolism patients.","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.009","article-title":"Blood pressure for outcome prediction and risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism.","volume":"33","author":"Keller","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.03.061","article-title":"Syncope and collapse in acute pulmonary embolism.","volume":"34","author":"Keller","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2016.05.002","article-title":"Typical symptoms for prediction of outcome and risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism.","volume":"35","author":"Keller","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz236","article-title":"Trends in thrombolytic treatment and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism in Germany.","volume":"41","author":"Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.08.024","article-title":"History of deep vein thrombosis is a discriminator for concomitant atrial fibrillation in pulmonary embolism.","volume":"136","author":"Keller","year":"","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization, in proceedings of ICNN\u201995","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceesings of the International conference on neural networks"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-014-2398-1","article-title":"ECG beat classification using particle swarm optimization and support vector machine.","volume":"8","author":"Khazaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00328-0","article-title":"Use of pulse oximetry to predict in-hospital complications in normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism.","volume":"115","author":"Kline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz405","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS).","volume":"41","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs258","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism: Risk assessment and management.","volume":"33","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Itc17","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202008040","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"173","author":"Labaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03477-2","article-title":"Oppositional firefly optimization based optimal feature selection in chronic kidney disease classification using deep neural network.","volume":"13","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-012-0498-1","article-title":"A simple score for rapid risk assessment of non-high-risk pulmonary embolism.","volume":"102","author":"Lankeit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3173538","article-title":"Efficient medical big data management with keyword-searchable encryption","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceesings of the healthChain, IEEE systems journal"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.02.032","article-title":"Towards context-aware social recommendation via individual trust.","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.12.015","article-title":"An efficient and reliable approach for quality-of-service-aware service composition.","volume":"269","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.03.055","article-title":"Slime mould algorithm: A new method for stochastic optimization.","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"490","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Problem definitions and evaluation criteria for the CEC 2014 special session and competition on single objective real-parameter numerical optimization, Computational Intelligence Laboratory"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062828","article-title":"2D\/3D multimode medical image registration based on normalized cross-correlation.","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.06.075","article-title":"Simulated annealing-based dynamic step shuffled frog leaping algorithm: Optimal performance design and feature selection.","volume":"503","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840594","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.840594","article-title":"Improved feature point pair purification algorithm based on SIFT during endoscope image stitching.","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31339-8","article-title":"Instant diagnosis of gastroscopic biopsy via deep-learned single-shot femtosecond stimulated Raman histology.","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1817","article-title":"Clinical syndromes and clinical outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: Findings from the RIETE registry.","volume":"130","author":"Lobo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(83)80014-X","article-title":"The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: Clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart.","volume":"1","author":"Mark","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.07.006","article-title":"Moth-flame optimization algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm.","volume":"89","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.12.022","article-title":"SCA: A sine cosine algorithm for solving optimization problems.","volume":"96","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008","article-title":"The whale optimization algorithm.","volume":"95","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2017.07.002","article-title":"Salp Swarm Algorithm: A bio-inspired optimizer for engineering design problems.","volume":"114","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.56042\/jsir.v80i6.45579","article-title":"Optimized shannon and fuzzy entropy based machine learning model for brain MRI image segmentation.","volume":"80","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.06.004","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism risk stratification: Pulse oximetry and pulmonary embolism severity index.","volume":"40","author":"Nordenholz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.102947","article-title":"BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients.","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2011.07.001","article-title":"A new fruit fly optimization algorithm: Taking the financial distress model as an example.","volume":"26","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602172","article-title":"Prevalence of pulmonary embolism among patients hospitalized for syncope.","volume":"375","author":"Prandoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.11.006","article-title":"Multi-sensor information fusion based on machine learning for real applications in human activity recognition: State-of-the-art and research challenges.","volume":"80","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013133","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4867989","article-title":"Parameter estimation for chaotic systems using a hybrid adaptive cuckoo search with simulated annealing algorithm.","volume":"24","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330270054034","article-title":"Vagal syncope during recurrent pulmonary embolism.","volume":"249","author":"Simpson","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012407","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of syncope.","volume":"347","author":"Soteriades","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution \u2013 a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces.","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Glob. Optim."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2019.2930647","article-title":"A heuristic algorithm for identifying molecular signatures in cancer.","volume":"19","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.03922.x","article-title":"A nationwide, retrospective analysis of symptoms, comorbidities, medical care and autopsy findings in cases of fatal pulmonary embolism in younger patients.","volume":"8","author":"Theilade","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2020.3014923","article-title":"EMODMI: A multi-objective optimization based method to identify disease modules.","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106642","article-title":"Evolutionary biogeography-based Whale optimization methods with communication structure: Towards measuring the balance.","volume":"212","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-021-0050-y","article-title":"The colony predation algorithm.","volume":"18","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2012.07.011","article-title":", Improved cuckoo search for reliability optimization problems.","volume":"64","author":"Valian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23484","article-title":"White blood cell count and mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.","volume":"88","author":"Venetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3165636","article-title":"Solving multi-objective fuzzy job-shop scheduling problem by a hybrid adaptive differential evolution algorithm","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceesings of the IEEE transactions on industrial informatics"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.04.060","article-title":"Toward an optimal kernel extreme learning machine using a chaotic moth-flame optimization strategy with applications in medical diagnoses.","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.17.03848-2","article-title":"Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193250","article-title":"A non-local tensor completion algorithm based on weighted tensor nuclear norm.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-1005-5","article-title":"The predictive value of PaO(2)\/FIO(2) and additional parameters for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: An 8-year prospective observational single-center cohort study.","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2008.00610.x","article-title":"Role of inflammation in right ventricular damage and repair following experimental pulmonary embolism in rats.","volume":"89","author":"Watts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2009.11.008","article-title":"Right ventricular heart failure from pulmonary embolism: Key distinctions from chronic pulmonary hypertension.","volume":"16","author":"Watts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841","article-title":"Global burden of thrombosis: Epidemiologic aspects.","volume":"118","author":"Wendelboe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614065","article-title":"Predicting adverse outcome in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: A risk score.","volume":"84","author":"Wicki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2022.3161131","article-title":"Network-based structural learning nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm for clustering of scRNA-seq data","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-020-00830-x","article-title":"Constructing dummy query sequences to protect location privacy and query privacy in location-based services.","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"World Wide Web"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24227","article-title":"A user sensitive subject protection approach for book search service.","volume":"71","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.106952","article-title":"An effective approach for the protection of user commodity viewing privacy in e-commerce website.","volume":"220","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2981633","article-title":"A location privacy-preserving system based on query range cover-up for location-based services","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on vehicular technology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.03.043","article-title":"an efficient chaotic mutative moth-flame-inspired optimizer for global optimization tasks.","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393690","article-title":"Cuckoo search via l\u00e9vy flights","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proccedings of the 2009 World congress on nature &amp; biologically inspired computing (NaBIC)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114864","article-title":"Hunger games search: Visions, conception, implementation, deep analysis, perspectives, and towards performance shifts.","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3178522","article-title":"Context-aware attentive multi-level feature fusion for named entity recognition","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8878686","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8878686","article-title":"Modified whale optimization algorithm for solar cell and PV module parameter identification.","volume":"2021","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2021.104653","article-title":"Image segmentation of leaf spot diseases on maize using multi-stage cauchy-enabled grey wolf algorithm.","volume":"109","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109289","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051060","article-title":"Smart contract vulnerability detection combined with multi-objective detection.","volume":"217","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10830","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2019.2927603","article-title":"A privacy-preserving optimization of neighborhood-based recommendation for medical-aided diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3213716","article-title":"Exemplar-based denoising: A unified low-rank recovery framework.","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.10.038","article-title":"Structured sparsity optimization with non-convex surrogates of l2,0-norm: A unified algorithmic framework","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.103261","article-title":"Towards augmented kernel extreme learning models for bankruptcy prediction: Algorithmic behavior and comprehensive analysis.","volume":"430","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106510","article-title":"Endoscope image mosaic based on pyramid ORB.","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106510","article-title":"Chaotic random spare ant colony optimization for multi-threshold image segmentation of 2D kapur entropy.","volume":"216","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"B125","first-page":"706","article-title":"A memetic algorithm based feature weighting for metabolomics data classification.","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.12785\/amis\/070249","article-title":"An improved cuckoo search algorithm for solving planar graph coloring problem.","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fninf.2022.1029690\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T04:36:18Z","timestamp":1671165378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fninf.2022.1029690\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fninf.2022.1029690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fninf.2022.1029690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5196","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"article-number":"1029690"}}