{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T19:16:56Z","timestamp":1769541416899,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neuroinform."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2026.1729805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:42:14Z","timestamp":1769496134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On the need for abstract, deep reinforcement learning models in neuroscience"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Santina","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computing, Mount Royal University","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xena","family":"Al-Hejji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computing, Mount Royal University","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Bermudez Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge","place":["Lethbridge, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computing, Mount Royal University","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"An in-silico Integration of Neurodevelopmental and Dopaminergic Views of Schizophrenia","author":"Al-Hejji","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0102-6","article-title":"Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents","volume":"557","author":"Banino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Collected Fictions","author":"Borges","year":"1999"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.014","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning and its neuroscientific implications","volume":"107","author":"Botvinick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1976.10480949","article-title":"Science and statistics","volume":"71","author":"Box","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466364","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2024.1466364","article-title":"Simulated synapse loss induces depression-like behaviors in deep reinforcement learning","volume":"18","author":"Chalmers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1924-6","article-title":"A distributional code for value in dopamine-based reinforcement learning","volume":"577","author":"Dabney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Am a Strange Loop","author":"Hofstadter","year":"2008"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01675-7","article-title":"A recurrent network model of planning explains hippocampal replay and human behavior","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996","article-title":"A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04676","article-title":"Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value","volume":"441","author":"Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00824-6","article-title":"Computational models link cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation to large-scale neural dynamics","volume":"24","author":"Shine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21492","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21492","article-title":"Reward-based training of recurrent neural networks for cognitive and value-based tasks","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0147-8","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex as a meta-reinforcement learning system","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"\u201cEmergence of maps in the memories of blind navigation agents,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Wijmans\n              E.\n            \n            \n              Savva\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Essa\n              I.\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Morcos\n              A. S.\n            \n            \n              Batra\n              D.\n            \n          \n          The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations\n          \n          2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fninf.2026.1729805\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:42:18Z","timestamp":1769496138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fninf.2026.1729805\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fninf.2026.1729805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fninf.2026.1729805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5196","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"article-number":"1729805"}}