{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:58:18Z","timestamp":1785236298343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical artificial intelligence (AI) is important for future health care systems. Research on medical AI has examined people's reluctance to use medical AI from the knowledge, attitude, and behavioral levels in isolation using a variable-centered approach while overlooking the possibility that there are subpopulations of people who may differ in their combined level of knowledge, attitude and behavior. To address this gap in the literature, we adopt a person-centered approach employing latent profile analysis to consider people's medical AI objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, negative attitudes and behavioral intentions. Across two studies, we identified three distinct medical AI profiles that systemically varied according to people's trust in and perceived risk imposed by medical AI. Our results revealed new insights into the nature of people's reluctance to use medical AI and how individuals with different profiles may characteristically have distinct knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding medical AI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.1006173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T13:31:23Z","timestamp":1665063083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diversity in people's reluctance to use medical artificial intelligence: Identifying subgroups through latent profile analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Haixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoqiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingnan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17620","DOI":"10.2196\/17620","article-title":"Health care employees' perceptions of the use of artificial intelligence applications: survey study","volume":"22","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Intern. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v17i1.9781","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) on HIV\/AIDS\/STDs among workers in the informal sector in Addis Ababa","volume":"17","author":"Abera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Dev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: three-step approaches using M plus","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Eq. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01146-0","article-title":"Understanding, explaining, and utilizing medical artificial intelligence","volume":"5","author":"Cadario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/009365086013003006","article-title":"Involvement and the consistency of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors","volume":"13","author":"Chaffee","year":"1986","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470567333","volume-title":"Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences","author":"Collins","year":"2009"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy","volume":"57","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.741","article-title":"What people want from their professionals: attitudes toward decision-making strategies","volume":"25","author":"Eastwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/per.494","article-title":"The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable- and a person-centred approach","volume":"17","author":"Ekehammar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01191-1","article-title":"Use of AI-based tools for healthcare purposes: a survey study from consumers' perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Esmaeilzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056","article-title":"Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks","volume":"542","author":"Esteva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2012.03.007","article-title":"Know thy self, know thy leader: contributions of a pattern-oriented approach to examining leader perceptions","volume":"23","author":"Foti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leadership Quart."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037408","article-title":"Emotional labor actors: a latent profile analysis of emotional labor strategies","volume":"100","author":"Gabriel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Doctors are Using AI to Triage COVID-19 Patients. The Tools may be Here to Stay","author":"Hao","year":"2020"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4236\/ojn.2015.59078","article-title":"Concept development and implementation of family care\/caring theory in concentric sphere family environment theory","volume":"5","author":"Hohashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Nurs."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2003539","article-title":"Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Hollander","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-12971-3","volume-title":"Health Promotion: Theory and Practice","author":"Kemm","year":"1995"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","article-title":"Testing the number of components in a normal mixture","volume":"88","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucz013","article-title":"Resistance to medical artificial intelligence","volume":"46","author":"Longoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cons. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510902751010","article-title":"Classical latent profile analysis of academic self-concept dimensions: synergy of person- and variable-centered approaches to theoretical models of self-concept","volume":"16","author":"Marsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct. Eq. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Eq. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao5333","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao5333","article-title":"Big data and black-box medical algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.542","article-title":"Do patients trust computers?","volume":"19","author":"Promberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100014","article-title":"Initial validation of the general attitudes towards artificial intelligence scale","volume":"1","author":"Schepman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","article-title":"Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches","volume":"18","author":"Vermunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polit. Anal."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110383988","article-title":"Latent class procedures: applications to organizational research","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-013-9303-z","article-title":"Toward an inductive theory of stayers and seekers in the organization","volume":"29","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428117752467","article-title":"Putting the \u201cperson\u201d in the center","volume":"21","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa067","article-title":"Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care","volume":"27","author":"Wosik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2019-0136","article-title":"Factors that influence robot acceptance","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206640","article-title":"Comparison of perceptions of domestic elder abuse among healthcare workers based on the knowledge-attitude-behavior (KAB) model","volume":"13","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.5465\/AMR.2009.44885862","article-title":"When mindsets collide: switching analytical mindsets to advance organization science","volume":"34","author":"Zyphur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2022.1006173\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T13:31:30Z","timestamp":1665063090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2022.1006173\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2022.1006173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2022.1006173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"article-number":"1006173"}}