{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:58:55Z","timestamp":1777539535715,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patent data is an established source of information for both scientific research and corporate intelligence. Yet, most patent-based technology indicators fail to consider firm-level dynamics regarding their technological quality and technological activity. Accordingly, these indicators are unlikely to deliver an unbiased view on the current state of firm-level innovation and are thus incomplete tools for researchers and corporate intelligence practitioners. In this paper, we develop DynaPTI, an indicator that tackles this particular shortcoming of existing patent-based measures. Our proposed framework extends the literature by incorporating a dynamic component and is built upon an index-based comparison of firms. Furthermore, we use machine-learning techniques to enrich our indicator with textual information from patent texts. Together, these features allow our proposed framework to provide precise and up-to-date assessments about firm-level innovation activities. To present an exemplary implementation of the framework, we provide an empirical application to companies from the wind energy sector and compare our results to alternatives. Our corresponding findings suggest that our approach can generate valuable insights that are complementary to existing approaches, particularly regarding the identification of recently emerging, innovation-overperformers in a particular technological field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1136846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1683089360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Introducing DynaPTI\u2013constructing a dynamic patent technology indicator using text mining and machine learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Freunek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Niggli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.1.131","article-title":"The environment and directed technical change","volume":"102","author":"Acemoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00184-6","article-title":"Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge","volume":"31","author":"Acs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.426020","article-title":"Valuable patents","volume":"92","author":"Allison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geo. L. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2020.104144","article-title":"Natural language processing to identify the creation and impact of new technologies in patent text: code, data, and new measures","volume":"50","author":"Arts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(87)90027-8","article-title":"Patents and the measurement of technological change: a survey of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Basberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1111\/acfi.12730","article-title":"Patenting activity or innovative originality?","volume":"61","author":"Bedford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Account. Finance."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rfac033","article-title":"Aggregate confusion: the divergence of ESG ratings","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Financ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.07.014","article-title":"Does corporate social responsibility impact firms' innovation capacity? the indirect link between environmental and social governance implementation and innovation performance","volume":"119","author":"Broadstock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2006.08.003","article-title":"Urban density and the rate of invention","volume":"61","author":"Carlino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120146","article-title":"Early detection of valuable patents using a deep learning model: case of semiconductor industry","volume":"158","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change."},{"key":"B11","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"The ESG-innovation disconnect: Evidence from green patenting, NBER Working Paper, w27990"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas9793","article-title":"Net-zero emissions energy systems","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","author":"Dernis","year":"2004"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Bert: Pretraining of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2018.05.005","article-title":"Innovation indicators throughout the innovation process: an extensive literature analysis","volume":"80","author":"Dziallas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technovation."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0796-4","article-title":"Prediction of emerging technologies based on analysis of the US patent citation network","volume":"95","author":"\u00c9rdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.21300\/19.2.2017.481","article-title":"Intellectual property as a management discipline","volume":"19","author":"Ernst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Innov."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2010.08.008","article-title":"The patent asset index\u2013a new approach to benchmark patent portfolios","volume":"33","author":"Ernst","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Pat. Inf."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.039","article-title":"Green investment: trends and determinants","volume":"60","author":"Eyraud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.08.012","article-title":"Mobilizing innovation for sustainability transitions: a comment on transformative innovation policy","volume":"47","author":"Fagerberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGE.2020.109735","article-title":"Environmental regulation and green investments: the role of green finance","volume":"14","author":"Falcone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Econ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.05.014","article-title":"Reassessing patent propensity: evidence from a dataset of RandD awards, 1977\u20132004","volume":"42","author":"Fontana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0635-7","article-title":"A new instrument for technology monitoring: novelty in patents measured by semantic patent analysis","volume":"91","author":"Gerken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientometrics."},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Textual spatial cosine similarity","author":"Giancarlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.03934."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.27.1.67","article-title":"Of smart phone wars and software patents","volume":"27","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"287","article-title":"Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey","author":"Griliches","year":"1998","journal-title":"In RandD and productivity: the econometric evidence"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.10.013","article-title":"The patent portfolio value analysis: a new framework to leverage patent information for strategic technology planning","volume":"94","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast Soc. Change."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950040","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219877019500408","article-title":"Identifying emerging technologies with smart patent indicators: the example of smart houses","volume":"16","author":"Guderian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121559","article-title":"A text-embedding-based approach to measuring patent-to-patent technological similarity","volume":"177","author":"Hain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast Soc. Change."},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Market value and patent citations","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"RAND J. Econo."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1162\/003465399558265","article-title":"Citation frequency and the value of patented inventions","volume":"81","author":"Harhoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"B32","author":"Jaffe","year":"2019"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1257\/aeri.20190499","article-title":"Measuring technological innovation over the long run","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev.: Insights."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12307","article-title":"Patent citations reexamined","volume":"51","author":"Kuhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"RAND J. Econ."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2004.00216.x","article-title":"Patent quality and research productivity: measuring innovation with multiple indicators","volume":"114","author":"Lanjouw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022962719299","article-title":"Social accountability and corporate greenwashing","volume":"43","author":"Laufer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.10.002","article-title":"Early identification of emerging technologies: a machine learning approach using multiple patent indicators","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhab084","article-title":"The use and misuse of patent data: issues for finance and beyond","volume":"35","author":"Lerner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Stud."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263596","article-title":"The clean energy claims of BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and shell: a mismatch between discourse, actions and investments","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS ONE."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7422-x","article-title":"Patent analysis and classification prediction of biomedicine industry: SOM-KPCA-SVM model","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(10)02009-5","article-title":"Patent statistics as an innovation indicator","volume":"2","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handbook of the Economics of Innovation."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.11.098","article-title":"How do policies mobilize private finance for renewable energy? a systematic review with an investor perspective","volume":"236","author":"Polzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111863","article-title":"How to finance the transition to low-carbon energy in Europe?","volume":"147","author":"Polzin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802760015658","article-title":"Induced Innovation and Energy Prices","volume":"92","author":"Popp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410","article-title":"Sentence-bert: sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks","author":"Reimers","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"PatentMatch: data for matching patent claims and prior art","author":"Risch","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0352-9","article-title":"Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals","volume":"2","author":"Sachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Seokkyu","year":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121413"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2014.05.005","article-title":"Composite value index of patent indicators: Factor analysis combining bibliographic and survey datasets","volume":"38","author":"Thoma","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Patent Information."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)90050-7","article-title":"Measuring national technological performance with patent claims data","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res. Policy."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2307\/2555502","article-title":"A penny for your quotes: patent citations and the value of innovations","volume":"21","author":"Trajtenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"RAND J. Econ."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-007-1864-z","article-title":"A brief history of space and time: The scope-year index as a patent value indicator based on families and renewals","volume":"75","author":"van Pottelsberghe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scientometrics."},{"key":"B53","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2020.102208","article-title":"Economic crisis and innovation capacity of Japan: Evidence from cross-country patent citations","volume":"101","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2020.101192","article-title":"Greenwashing in environmental, social and governance disclosures","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Int. Bus. Finance."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1136846\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T04:49:27Z","timestamp":1683089367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1136846\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2023.1136846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1136846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"article-number":"1136846"}}