{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T02:21:44Z","timestamp":1786155704452,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, precision agriculture and smart farming have been deployed by leaps and bounds as arable land has become increasingly scarce. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), by the year 2050, farming in the world should grow by about one-third above current levels. Therefore, farmers have intensively used fertilizers to promote crop growth and yields, which has adversely affected the nutritional improvement of foodstuffs. To address challenges related to productivity, environmental impact, food safety, crop losses, and sustainability, mobile robots in agriculture have proliferated, integrating mainly path planning and crop information gathering processes. Current agricultural robotic systems are large in size and cost because they use a computer as a server and mobile robots as clients. This article reviews the use of mobile robotics in farming to reduce costs, reduce environmental impact, and optimize harvests. The current status of mobile robotics, the technologies employed, the algorithms applied, and the relevant results obtained in smart farming are established. Finally, challenges to be faced in new smart farming techniques are also presented: environmental conditions, implementation costs, technical requirements, process automation, connectivity, and processing potential. As part of the contributions of this article, it was possible to conclude that the leading technologies for the implementation of smart farming are as follows: the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile robotics, artificial intelligence, artificial vision, multi-objective control, and big data. One technological solution that could be implemented is developing a fully autonomous, low-cost agricultural mobile robotic system that does not depend on a server.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1213330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T10:49:42Z","timestamp":1693478982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Mobile robotics in smart farming: current trends and applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dar\u00edo Fernando","family":"Y\u00e9pez-Ponce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vicente","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pa\u00fal D.","family":"Rosero-Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"55","article-title":"\u201cReal-time implementation of digital twin for robot based production line,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Factories (CLF)","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1145\/2987386.2987422","article-title":"\u201cSystematic literature review: ingenious software project management while narrowing the impact aspect,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems, RACS '16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2879579","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT) for smart precision agriculture and farming in rural areas","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11040667","article-title":"Characterising the agriculture 4.0 landscape\u2014emerging trends, challenges and opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIRCA.2018.8597389","article-title":"\u201cGrid-based UGV navigation in a dynamic environment using neural network,\u201d","author":"Arindam","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134460","article-title":"Semantic and syntactic interoperability for agricultural open-data platforms in the context of IoT using crop-specific trait ontologies","volume":"10","author":"Aydin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. 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