{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:32:37Z","timestamp":1781022757389,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various industries has revolutionized the way we interact with technology. However, this widespread adoption has also brought about significant security challenges that must be addressed to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data transmitted and processed by IoT systems. This survey paper delves into the diverse array of security threats faced by IoT devices and networks, ranging from data breaches and unauthorized access to physical tampering and denial-of-service attacks. By examining the vulnerabilities inherent in IoT ecosystems, we highlight the importance of implementing robust security measures to safeguard sensitive information and ensure the reliable operation of connected devices. Furthermore, we explore cutting-edge technologies such as blockchain, edge computing, and machine learning as potential solutions to enhance the security posture of IoT deployments. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing security frameworks and best practices, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to fortify the resilience of IoT systems in an increasingly interconnected world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1397480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T14:59:00Z","timestamp":1715785140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Exploring security threats and solutions Techniques for Internet of Things (IoT): from vulnerabilities to vigilance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Swastik Kumar","family":"Sahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3075496","article-title":"DETONAR: detection of routing attacks in RPL-based IoT","volume":"18","author":"Agiollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100365","article-title":"Machine learning approaches to IoT security: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03309-0","article-title":"A novel mechanism to handle address spoofing attacks in SDN based IoT","volume":"24","author":"Aldabbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563060","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.563060","article-title":"Phishing attacks: a recent comprehensive study and a new anatomy","volume":"3","author":"Alkhalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106776","article-title":"Intelligence, security, and vehicular sensor networks in internet of things (IoT)-enabled smart-cities: an overview","volume":"87","author":"Al-Turjman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3015432","article-title":"A survey on security and privacy issues in edge-computing-assisted internet of things","volume":"8","author":"Alwarafy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.09.248","article-title":"Implementing industry 4.0 technologies in self-healing materials and digitally managing the quality of manufacturing","volume":"52","author":"Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3140109","article-title":"A counter-eavesdropping technique for optimized privacy of wireless industrial iot communications","volume":"18","author":"Anajemba","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11020283","article-title":"Fog-computing-based cyber\u2013physical system for secure food traceability through the Twofish algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Awan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11173","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2808598","article-title":"Optimizing the number of fog nodes for cloud-fog-thing networks","volume":"6","author":"Balevi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108399","article-title":"DoS and DDoS mitigation using variational autoencoders","volume":"199","author":"B\u00e5rli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119551713.ch19","article-title":"Fog computing to enable geospatial video analytics for disaster-incident situational awareness","volume-title":"Fog Comput. Theory Pract.","author":"Chemodanov","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2022.100632","article-title":"A survey on device fingerprinting approach for resource-constraint IoT devices: comparative study and research challenges","volume":"20","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC48688.2020.0-203","article-title":"An ISO-compliant test procedure for technical risk analyses of IoT systems based on STRIDE","volume-title":"2020 IEEE 44th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","author":"Danielis","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on implementations of homomorphic encryption schemes","author":"Doan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2020.1712487","article-title":"Impact of industry 4.0 on supply chain performance","volume":"32","author":"Fatorachian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-020-00592-x","article-title":"Static analysis for discovering IoT vulnerabilities","volume":"23","author":"Ferrara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transfer"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3091388","article-title":"An IoT-based prediction technique for efficient energy consumption in buildings","volume":"5","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Network."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76518","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3081792","article-title":"Improved twofish algorithm: a digital image enciphering application","volume":"9","author":"Haq","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.07.008","article-title":"Vulnerability and security risk assessment in a IIoT environment in compliance with standard IEC 62443","volume":"191","author":"Hassani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82721","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045","article-title":"A survey on IoT security: application areas, security threats, and solution architectures","volume":"7","author":"Hassija","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.09.002","article-title":"Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3095077","article-title":"A survey on federated learning for resource-constrained IoT devices","volume":"9","author":"Imteaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7136-4_11","article-title":"An analysis study of IoT and dos attack perspective","volume-title":"Proceedings of international conference on intelligent cyber-physical systems: ICPS 2021","author":"Jazzar","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0761-7","article-title":"Security of the internet of things: perspectives and challenges","volume":"20","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022","article-title":"IoT security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges","volume":"82","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129932","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3225973","article-title":"EU cybersecurity act and IoT certification: landscape, perspective and a proposed template scheme","volume":"10","author":"Khurshid","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC51732.2021.9376174","article-title":"A survey on security attacks and solutions in the IoT network","volume-title":"2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","author":"Liang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITST.2015.7412116","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT) security: current status, challenges and prospective measures","volume-title":"2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST)","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/MoNeTeC49726.2020.9258156","article-title":"A comparative analysis of cryptographic algorithms in the internet of things","volume-title":"2020 International Scientific and Technical Conference Modern Computer Network Technologies (MoNeTeC)","author":"Makarenko","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501121.ch14","article-title":"Security and privacy issues and solutions for fog","volume-title":"Fog and fogonomics: challenges and practices of fog computing, communication, networking, strategy, and economics","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.12.031","article-title":"Flexible IoT security middleware for end-to-end cloud\u2013fog communication","volume":"87","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-7740-0.ch014","article-title":"The role of edge\/fog computing security in IoT and industry 4.0 infrastructures: edge\/fog-based security in internet of things","volume-title":"Handbook of research on information and records management in the fourth industrial revolution","author":"Mutluturk","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2762345","article-title":"Securing fog computing for internet of things applications: challenges and solutions","volume":"20","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73907","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988055","article-title":"Artificial neural networks-based intrusion detection system for internet of things fog nodes","volume":"8","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500825","article-title":"Anomaly detection using machine learning to discover sensor tampering in IoT systems","volume-title":"ICC 2021-IEEE International Conference on Communications","author":"Pathak","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815739-8.00006-7","article-title":"Support vector machine","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Pisner","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.107754","article-title":"Decision tree based user-centric security solution for critical IoT infrastructure","volume":"99","author":"Puthal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIoT47925.2019.00025","article-title":"Securing medical IoT devices using Diffie-Hellman and DES cryptographic schemes","volume-title":"2019 International Conference on Cyber Security and Internet of Things (ICSIoT)","author":"Quist-Aphetsi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304288","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1304288","article-title":"A comprehensive framework for quantitative risk assessment of organizational networks using FAIR-modified attack trees","volume":"6","author":"Rana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2013.78","article-title":"A systemic approach for IoT security","volume-title":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems","author":"Riahi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3089462","article-title":"Man-in-the-middle attack mitigation in internet of medical things","volume":"18","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2020.3010973","article-title":"Data encryption for internet of things applications based on catalan objects and two combinatorial structures","volume":"70","author":"Sara\u010devi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-11497-5","article-title":"A novel block encryption method based on Catalan random walks","volume":"81","author":"Sara\u010devi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.08.006","article-title":"A survey of edge computing-based designs for IoT security","volume":"6","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"585","article-title":"Analysis of IoT security at network layer","author":"Sharma","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.12.007","article-title":"A privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme for dynamic groups in fog computing","volume":"514","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100422","article-title":"Identification and authentication in healthcare internet-of-things using integrated fog computing based blockchain model","volume":"15","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3033265","article-title":"Hierarchical security paradigm for IoT multiaccess edge computing","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/airo.3616","article-title":"Security and privacy in fog\/cloud-based IoT systems for AI and robotics","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"EAI Endors. Trans. AI Robot."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126024","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.126.024","article-title":"Development of the advanced encryption standard","volume":"126","author":"Smid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06986-8","article-title":"Machine learning based intrusion detection systems for IoT applications","volume":"111","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Campus IoT collaboration and governance using the NIST cybersecurity framework","volume-title":"Living in the internet of things: cybersecurity of the IoT-2018","author":"Webb","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Side-channel attacks in the internet of things: threats and challenges","volume-title":"Research anthology on artificial intelligence applications in security","author":"Zankl","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCA.2014.58","article-title":"IoT security: ongoing challenges and research opportunities","volume-title":"2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications","author":"Zhang","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102098","article-title":"Middleware for the internet of things: a survey on requirements, enabling technologies, and solutions","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2024.1397480\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T06:59:00Z","timestamp":1716447540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2024.1397480\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2024.1397480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2024.1397480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"article-number":"1397480"}}