{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:54:30Z","timestamp":1778349270451,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Metaverse has emerged as a significant trend in recent years, offering solutions across diverse fields. Despite substantial investments and extensive research efforts, a comprehensive understanding of the Metaverse environment and its full potential remains elusive. This article seeks to address this gap by developing a technology tree for the Metaverse based on published standards, prior studies, and frameworks proposed by leading firms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To construct the Metaverse technology tree, a systematic literature review approach was employed. From an initial pool of 354 scientific papers, conference proceedings, book chapters, and reports, a rigorous screening process \u2013focused on titles, abstracts, and full-texts \u2013resulted in a selection of 81 final sources. These sources were synthesized using a meta-analysis methodology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-synthesis of the selected literature produced a comprehensive Metaverse technology tree encompassing seven key branches: artificial intelligence, Mirror World, extended reality, network infrastructure, lifelogging, blockchain, and the Internet of Things. Each branch represents a critical technological area necessary for the development and realization of the Metaverse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed Metaverse technology tree offers a holistic overview and roadmap of the technological domains underlying the Metaverse. By identifying these seven branches, this research provides valuable guidance for future studies and development trajectories in Metaverse technologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1545144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T05:25:21Z","timestamp":1744867521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metaverse technology tree: a holistic view"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Ghazinoory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Saghafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Afshari-Mofrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nafiseh","family":"Ghazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779844","article-title":"A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Akpakwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125835","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3225638","article-title":"A review of Metaverse's definitions, architecture, applications, challenges, issues, solutions, and future trends","volume":"10","author":"Al-Ghaili","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Ali","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.05.071","article-title":"Use of technology mapping in identification of fuel cell sub-technologies","volume":"35","author":"Arasti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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