{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:49:10Z","timestamp":1767905350471,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>AI regulations aim to balance AI\u2019s potential and risks in general and human resource management (HRM) in particular. However, regulations are not finally defined and the perspectives of key stakeholders of HRM applications are not clear yet. Research on AI in HRM contributes only to a limited extent to the understanding of key HRM stakeholders, and the perspective of workers\u2019 representatives is especially lacking so far.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents a study of three focus group workshops investigating workers\u2019 representatives\u2019 perspectives, to determine which concerns they perceive when using AI in HRM, which resulting requirements they have for adopting AI in HRM, and which measures they perceive as most suitable to fulfill them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results revealed that workers\u2019 representatives were critical of using AI across all HRM phases, particularly in personnel selection. We identified requirements and measures for adopting AI in HRM from the perspective of workers\u2019 representatives. These were summarized in a catalog including six dimensions: control, human oversight, responsibilities, transparency and explainability, lawful AI, and data security.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings shed a nuanced light on workers\u2019 representatives\u2019 needs, providing relevant insights for research on stakeholder-oriented adoption of AI in HRM and for specifying current AI regulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1561322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T05:47:04Z","timestamp":1748584024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stakeholder-specific adoption of AI in HRM: workers\u2019 representatives\u2019 perspective on concerns, requirements, and measures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Malin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Flei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Thalmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9600-4","article-title":"The focus groups in social research: advantages and disadvantages","volume":"46","author":"Acocella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Quanty"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Impact of sustainable human resource management practices on employee job satisfaction","volume-title":"Adaptive strategies for green economy and sustainability policies","author":"Afzal","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4459198","article-title":"Towards risk-free trustworthy artificial intelligence: significance and requirements","volume":"2023","author":"Alzubaidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2240","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.2240","article-title":"A blockchain-enabled security management framework for mobile edge computing","volume":"33","author":"Alzubi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Manag."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107197","article-title":"Transparency and explainability of AI systems: from ethical guidelines to requirements","volume":"159","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-06-2020-0233","article-title":"Can we trust AI? An empirical investigation of trust requirements and guide to successful AI adoption","volume":"35","author":"Bedu\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enterp. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01380-0","article-title":"Artificial intelligence ethics has a black box problem","volume":"38","author":"B\u00e9lisle-Pipon","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI & Soc."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2016.1232296","article-title":"Conceptualising the future of HRM and technology research","volume":"27","author":"Bondarouk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2297114","article-title":"The artificial intelligence paradox: opportunity or threat for humanity?","volume":"41","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2022.2035161","article-title":"Artificial intelligence \u2013 challenges and opportunities for international HRM: a review and research agenda","volume":"33","author":"Budhwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00325-1","article-title":"Responsible artificial intelligence in human resources management: a review of the empirical literature","volume":"4","author":"Bujold","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"673","article-title":"The influence of job training and work experience on employee performance in the generation z workforce","author":"Cahyani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neraca: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.15680\/IJIRSET.2022.1112123","article-title":"AI in organizations a helping hand of HR","volume":"11","author":"Choudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulatory compliance and AI: navigating the legal and regulatory challenges of AI in finance","author":"Deshpande","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101896","article-title":"Connecting the dots in trustworthy artificial intelligence: from AI principles, ethics, and key requirements to responsible AI systems and regulation","volume":"99","author":"D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.56397\/JRSSH.2024.07.04","article-title":"Do humans trust AI in HRM? Why do? Why not?-insights from a decade of research","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Soc. Sci. Human."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2023.2245683","article-title":"\u2018Human oversight\u2019 in the EU artificial intelligence act: what, when and by whom?","volume":"15","author":"Enqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Law Innov. Technol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.30534\/ijeter\/2019\/10782019","article-title":"Data-driven decisions in employee compensation utilizing a neuro-fuzzy inference system","volume":"7","author":"Escolar-Jimenez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Trends Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref20","year":""},{"key":"ref21","year":""},{"key":"ref22","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"199","article-title":"Exploring tensions in responsible AI in practice. An interview study on AI practices in and for Swedish public organizations","author":"Figueras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1145\/3645057.3645062","article-title":"Mitigating algorithm aversion in recruiting: a study on explainable AI for conversational agents","volume":"55","author":"Flei\u00df","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM SIGMIS Database: DATABASE Adv. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139192675","volume-title":"Strategic management: a stakeholder approach","author":"Freeman","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3846\/btp.2022.13510","article-title":"Development of conceptual bases of the employee life cycle withing an organization","author":"Gladka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2023.12.013","article-title":"Challenges of artificial intelligence in medicine and dermatology","volume":"42","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2024.100891","article-title":"Software for research. Take the aTrain. Introducing an interface for the accessible transcription of interviews","volume":"41","author":"Haberl","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Finance"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.51903\/jmi.v4i1.53","article-title":"The impact of occupational safety, workload, and compensation on employee job satisfaction in the mining industry: a case study of PT BCKA","volume":"4","author":"Haiedar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"48","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in employment law: legal issues in AI-driven hiring and employment practices","volume":"2","author":"Harper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Legal Stud. Digit. Age"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670517752459","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in service","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Rethink! Project stakeholder management","author":"Huemann","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-022-05049-6","article-title":"Ethics of AI-enabled recruiting and selection: a review and research agenda","volume":"178","author":"Hunkenschroer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Why are we averse towards algorithms? A comprehensive literature review on algorithm aversion","author":"Jussupow","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-021-00249-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and HRM: identifying future research agenda using systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"73","author":"Kaushal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag. Rev. Quart."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100881","article-title":"Introducing a multi-stakeholder perspective on opacity, transparency and strategies to reduce opacity in algorithm based human resource management","volume":"33","author":"Langer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"5495","article-title":"Computer, whom should I hire? \u2013 Acceptance criteria for artificial intelligence in the recruitment process","author":"Laurim","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/3555803","article-title":"Trustworthy AI: from principles to practices","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3546872","article-title":"Trustworthy AI: a computational perspective","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"143","article-title":"Semi-structured interviews and focus groups","volume-title":"Key methods in geography","author":"Longhurst","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3626234","article-title":"Responsible AI pattern catalogue: a collection of best practices for AI governance and engineering","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2024.101033","article-title":"Will the use of AI in human resources create a digital Frankenstein?","volume":"53","author":"Lukaszewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Organ. Dyn."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121390","article-title":"What influences algorithmic decision-making? A systematic literature review on algorithm aversion","volume":"175","author":"Mahmud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1108\/JMD-03-2019-0069","article-title":"Identifying opportunities for artificial intelligence in the evolution of training and development practices","volume":"38","author":"Maity","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-11-2023-0884","article-title":"The application of AI in digital HRM\u2013 an experiment on human decision-making in personnel selection","volume":"30","author":"Malin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Process. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci13110231","article-title":"In the AI of the beholder\u2014a qualitative study of HR professionals\u2019 beliefs about AI-based Chatbots and decision support in candidate pre-selection","volume":"13","author":"Malin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Admin. Sci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","article-title":"Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI","volume":"1","author":"Mittelstadt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-80382-027-920231006","article-title":"Challenges and path ahead for artificial intelligence-aided human resource management","volume-title":"The adoption and effect of artificial intelligence on human resources management, Part A","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-021-09577-4","article-title":"Conformity assessments and post-market monitoring: a guide to the role of auditing in the proposed European AI regulation","volume":"32","author":"M\u00f6kander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-025-00864-3","article-title":"Onboarding: a key to employee retention and workplace well-being","author":"Mosquera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3390\/e25101429","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) trust framework and maturity model: applying an entropy Lens to improve security, privacy, and ethical AI","volume":"25","author":"Mylrea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12860","article-title":"The use of focus group discussion methodology: insights from two decades of application in conversation","volume":"9","author":"Nyumba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1633","article-title":"AI recruitment: explaining job seekers\u2019 acceptance of automation in human resource management","author":"Ochmann","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2022.100924","article-title":"An interdisciplinary review of AI and HRM: challenges and future directions","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human-AI interaction in human resource management: understanding why employees resist algorithmic evaluation at workplaces and how to mitigate burdens","author":"Park","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designing fair AI in human resource management: understanding tensions surrounding algorithmic evaluation and envisioning stakeholder-centered solutions","author":"Park","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-03-2021-0118","article-title":"A multi-stakeholder ethical framework for AI-augmented HRM","volume":"43","author":"Prikshat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Manpow."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.12.039","article-title":"An intelligent cyber threat detection: a swarm-optimized machine learning approach","volume":"115","author":"Qiquieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.887089","article-title":"Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods","volume":"3","author":"Queir\u00f3s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873","article-title":"Closing the AI accountability gap: defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing","author":"Raji","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4603230","article-title":"Role and challenges of ChatGPT and similar generative artificial intelligence in human resource management","author":"Rane","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2081282","article-title":"The situation awareness framework for explainable AI (SAFE-AI) and human factors considerations for XAI systems","volume":"38","author":"Sanneman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"248","article-title":"Certification labels for trustworthy AI: insights from an empirical mixed-method study","author":"Scharowski","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1108\/JOEPP-01-2014-0003","article-title":"Human resource management and organizational effectiveness: yesterday and today","volume":"1","author":"Schuler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Organ. Effect. People Perf."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2021.100021","article-title":"The role of empathy for artificial intelligence accountability","volume":"9","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Respons. Technol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2015.01.002","article-title":"The influence of technology on the future of human resource management","volume":"25","author":"Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619867910","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in human resources management: challenges and a path forward","volume":"61","author":"Tambe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120164","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937107","article-title":"Testing and quality validation for AI software\u2013perspectives, issues, and practices","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.35335\/jmas.v8i1.628","article-title":"Evaluation of recruitment and retention strategies for effective employee turnover management","volume":"8","author":"Wardhani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Generative contracts","volume":"1503","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"56 Arizona State Law J."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"666","article-title":"Building and auditing fair algorithms: a case study in candidate screening","author":"Wilson","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"737","article-title":"Employee turnover prediction with machine learning: a reliable approach","volume-title":"Intelligent systems and applications","author":"Zhao","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1561322\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T05:47:08Z","timestamp":1748584028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1561322\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2025.1561322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1561322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"article-number":"1561322"}}