{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:41:30Z","timestamp":1776692490904,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate drug dosing in pediatrics is complicated by age-related physiological variability. Standard weight-based dosing may result in either subtherapeutic exposure or toxicity. Machine learning (ML) models can capture complex relationships among clinical variables and support individualized therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed clinical and pharmacokinetic data from 20 pediatric patients enrolled in the PUERI study (January 2020\u2013November 2021, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy). Eight ML models-including linear regression (LR), ridge regression (RR), lasso regression (LaR), Huber regression (HR), random forest (RF), XGBoost, LightGBM, and a neural network (MLP)-were trained to predict ceftaroline doses that would achieve plasma concentrations close to the therapeutic target of 10\u202fmg\/L. Model performance was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). To ensure interpretability, we applied local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) to identify the most influential predictors of dose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MLP (MAE 1.53\u202fmg, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      0.94) and XGBoost (MAE 2.04\u202fmg, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      0.89) outperformed linear models. Predicted doses were more frequently aligned with therapeutic concentrations than those clinically administered. Model-based simulated concentrations fell within the therapeutic range in approximately 85% of cases, and the best ML models showed over 90% patient-level clinical. RF, LightGBM and XGBoost achieved the highest clinical alignment, with 94.2, 92.4 and 91.5% of patients reaching therapeutic levels. Renal function markers, such as serum creatinine and azotemia, together with anthropometric parameters including weight, height, and body mass index, were consistently the most influential features.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced ML models can optimize ceftaroline dosing in pediatric patients and outperform traditional dosing strategies. Combining predictive accuracy with interpretability (via LIME) supports clinical trust and may enhance precision antibiotic therapy while reducing the risks of antimicrobial resistance and toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1702087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:27:49Z","timestamp":1768566469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence and precision medicine: a pilot study predicting optimal ceftaroline dosage for pediatric patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Frasca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty Paride Stefanini, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"De Nicolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"De Giacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Senatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical-Clinical Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Romandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical-Clinical Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia Angela Carla","family":"Pattarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Proto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romano","family":"Danesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Chemical-Clinical Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"La Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"SKEMA Business School, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","place":["Nice, France"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Pani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: impacts, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1702087\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:27:50Z","timestamp":1768566470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1702087\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frai.2025.1702087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1702087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8212","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"article-number":"1702087"}}