{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T18:54:47Z","timestamp":1769799287391,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents a modified version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) using an all-optical computational update mechanism. The primary innovation and objective of this collaboration aimed to leverage the inherent properties of coherent optical systems, including specialized complex-domain computation and nonlinear light-matter interactions, to enhance the exploration and exploitation of the search space process for particles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the performance of the developed model, it was compared with traditional PSO to solve the CEC benchmark functions. Furthermore, it was applied to enhance the detection of dyslexia using the eye-tracking dataset (ETDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comparison between OPSO and other techniques established its high ability to enhance the detection of dyslexia over traditional techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of an all-optical computational update mechanism demonstrated enhanced performance in both benchmark optimization problems and dyslexia detection tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1731997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:42:22Z","timestamp":1769755342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing particle swarm optimization based on optical computing mechanism: application to dyslexia detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nermine","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Galala University","place":["Suez, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abd Elaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University","place":["Ajman, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Dahou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghatasheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Middle East University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybersecurity, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Buraydah Private Colleges","place":["Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Azmi","family":"Al-Betar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University","place":["Ajman, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Department of Physiology, Geriatric Dentistry and Special Patients Care Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Ewees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Damietta University","place":["Damietta, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.113609","article-title":"The arithmetic optimization algorithm","volume":"376","author":"Abualigah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. 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