{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T13:18:24Z","timestamp":1771852704893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable knowledge transfer in Japan\u2019s international security cooperation for research and development (R&amp;amp;D) and procurement is challenging due to institutional and security constraints. Critical know-how is often tacit and dispersed among experts; continuity is undermined by frequent personnel rotations, temporal\u2013spatial gaps between projects, and institutional and cultural differences across international partners, leading to knowledge loss. In this context, traditional on-the-job training is difficult to sustain, making durable knowledge transfer difficult to achieve. To overcome this problem, this study proposes a knowledge engineering method that externalizes practitioner expertise. Procedure-based knowledge (what\/how) and purpose-based knowledge (why: purposes and decision rules) are structured as two auditable linked, machine-interpretable graphs\u2014the procedure- and purpose-based knowledge graphs. This method uses the Convincing Human Action Rationalized Model (CHARM) as a notation for knowledge structuring. To articulate implicit causal reasoning, we integrate Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) as a qualitative, deductive elicitation and articulation notation. Starting from observed outcomes (\u201ctop events\u201d), FTA deductively elicits avoidance purposes and candidate actions. These purpose-action pairs are then recorded under Reference Cases (RC) and embedded as RC-tagged links in the two graphs with FTA-derived annotations, thereby refining causal logic and facilitating knowledge externalization. We empirically assess the method\u2019s effectiveness through qualitative and quantitative analyses of data from semi-structured interviews, a facilitated workshop, and FTA-guided follow-up interviews. These activities increased both the volume and granularity of externalized knowledge, yielding 42 RCs and 133 case-attached actions as provenance-bearing purpose-action units. Our approach yields reusable, machine-interpretable assets for human-AI collaboration and may support continuity during constrained handovers, which may help mitigate repeated errors and improve negotiation preparedness. These findings suggest that the FTA-adapted CHARM approach can foster more sustainable knowledge transfer for Japan\u2019s international security cooperation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1723198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:36:28Z","timestamp":1770359788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fault tree analysis-adapted knowledge structuring: a case study of sustainable international security cooperation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yudai","family":"Wada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Nomi, Japan"]}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Ijuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Nomi, Japan"]}]},{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Oshiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Nomi, Japan"]}]},{"given":"Takuichi","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Nomi, Japan"]}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci12030089","article-title":"Factors influencing tacit knowledge sharing in research groups in higher education institutions","volume":"12","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adm. 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