{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:21:57Z","timestamp":1776266517262,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Artif. Intell."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative AI (GenAI) systems are increasingly recognized as cultural technologies, yet current evaluation frameworks often treat culture as a variable to be measured rather than fundamental to the system's operation. Drawing on hermeneutic theory from the humanities, we argue that GenAI systems function as \"context machines\" that must inherently address three interpretive challenges: situatedness (meaning only emerges in context), plurality (multiple valid interpretations coexist), and ambiguity (interpretations naturally conflict). We present computational hermeneutics as an emerging framework offering an interpretive account of what GenAI systems do, and how they might do it better. We offer three principles for hermeneutic evaluation\u2014that benchmarks should be iterative, not one-off; include people, not just machines; and measure cultural context, not just model output. This perspective offers a nascent paradigm for designing and evaluating contemporary AI systems: shifting from standardized questions about accuracy to contextual ones about meaning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1753041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T07:31:40Z","timestamp":1772091100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computational hermeneutics: evaluating generative AI as a cultural technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cody","family":"Kommers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Alan Turing Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ahnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Antoniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Benetos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Benford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nottingham","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Bunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Caramiaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","place":["Paris, France"]}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Concannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham University","place":["Durham, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Disley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College","place":["Hanover, NH, United States"]}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Du\u00e9\u00f1ez-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gibran AI","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Francksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coventry","place":["Coventry, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Gius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}]},{"given":"Jonathan W. Y.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Heuser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Immel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Richard Jean","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}]},{"given":"Dalaki","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, UT, United States"]}]},{"given":"Hoyt","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University","place":["Princeton, NJ, United States"]}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton","place":["Southampton, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Noel-Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Ostherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}]},{"given":"Deven","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ratcliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brighton","place":["Brighton, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Sobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Alan Turing Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Southampton","place":["Southampton, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Champaign, IL, United States"]}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Vashistha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}]},{"given":"Youyou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield","place":["Sheffield, United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Hemment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Alan Turing Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"13","article-title":"All too human? 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