{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:32:59Z","timestamp":1779103979830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comms. Net."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the current development of the wireless technology landscape, and with respect to the constant growth in user demands, it is inevitable that next-generation mobile wireless networks will use new frequency bands located in the sub-terahertz and terahertz (THz) spectrum to complement the existing microwave and millimeter wave (mmWave) channels. The feasibility of point-to-point stationary THz communication links has already been experimentally demonstrated. To build upon this breakthrough, one of the pressing research targets is making THz communication systems truly mobile. Achieving this target is especially complicated because mobile THz wireless systems (including WLANs and even cellular access) will often operate in the near-field due to the very large (even though physically small) electrical size of the high-gain antenna systems required for making high-rate communication links feasible at such frequencies. This perspective article presents several key prospective research challenges envisioned on the way to designing efficient mobile near-field THz wireless access as a part of 6G and 7G wireless landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2023.1151324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T04:56:41Z","timestamp":1678942601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mobile near-field terahertz communications for 6G and 7G networks: Research challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Vitaly","family":"Petrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duschia","family":"Bodet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2022.3171800","article-title":"Terahertz band communication: An old problem revisited and research directions for the next decade","volume":"70","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nancom.2016.02.001","article-title":"Realizing ultra-massive MIMO (1024\u00d71024) communication in the (0.06\u201310) terahertz band","volume":"8","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Commun. Netw."},{"key":"B3","author":"Alliance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spectrum Working Group Technical Note: Spectrum Needs of 6G"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0030-4018(00)00572-1","article-title":"Generation of high-order Bessel beams by use of an axicon","volume":"177","author":"Arlt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Antenna theory: Analysis and design","author":"Balanis","year":"2015"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-range high-speed THz-wireless transmission in the 300 GHz band","author":"Castro","year":"2020"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"VDI passive devices\n            DiodsV.\n          2019"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"415","article-title":"Electromagnetic modeling of holographic intelligent reflecting surfaces at terahertz bands","author":"Dovelos","year":"2021"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.4.000651","article-title":"Exact solutions for nondiffracting beams. I. The scalar theory","volume":"4","author":"Durnin","year":"1987","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2021.3071843","article-title":"Channel measurements and modeling for low-terahertz band vehicular communications","volume":"39","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2019.2953633","article-title":"Terahertz band: The last piece of RF spectrum puzzle for communication systems","volume":"1","author":"Elayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1109\/22.414592","article-title":"Optically generated true-time delay in phased-array antennas","volume":"43","author":"Frigyes","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2016.2614335","article-title":"Three-dimensional end-to-end modeling and analysis for graphene-enabled terahertz band communications","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5011063","article-title":"Tutorial: Terahertz beamforming, from concepts to realizations","volume":"3","author":"Headland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Apl. Photonics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/mmm.2011.940596","article-title":"Terahertz terabit wireless communication","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1","article-title":"IEEE standard for high data rate wireless multi-media networks\u2013amendment 2: 100 Gb\/s wireless switched point-to-point physical layer","year":"2017"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"IEEE 802.15.3ma channel plan","author":"Iwao Hosako","year":"2022"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nancom.2020.100302","article-title":"Impact of beam misalignment on THz wireless systems","volume":"24","author":"Kokkoniemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Commun. Netw."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency domain penetration loss in the terahertz band","author":"Kokkoniemi","year":"2016"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2015.2401560","article-title":"Indoor terahertz communications: How many antenna arrays are needed?","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"093904","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.109.093904","article-title":"Cosine-gauss plasmon beam: A localized long-range nondiffracting surface wave","volume":"109","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of LOS MIMO for short-range sub-THz wireless links","author":"Maletic","year":"2021"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electronic THz pencil beam forming and 2D steering for high angular-resolution operation: A 98 \u00d7 98-unit 265GHz cmos reflectarray with in-unit digital beam shaping and squint correction","author":"Monroe","year":"2022"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Nokia\u2019s vision for the 6G era","year":"2022"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2015.2456953","article-title":"Space-division demultiplexing in orbital-angular-momentum-based MIMO radio systems","volume":"63","author":"Oldoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2017.2654351","article-title":"Interference and SINR in millimeter wave and terahertz communication systems with blocking and directional antennas","volume":"16","author":"Petrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2000273","article-title":"IEEE 802.15.3d: First standardization efforts for sub-terahertz band communications toward 6G","volume":"58","author":"Petrov","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6822","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2020.2988600","article-title":"Capacity and outage of terahertz communications with user micro-mobility and beam misalignment","volume":"69","author":"Petrov","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of small-scale mobility on terahertz band communications","author":"Petrov","year":"2018"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/map.2007.4455844","article-title":"Short-range ultra-broadband terahertz communications: Concepts and perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Piesiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-022-00002-x","article-title":"Dynamic spectrum sharing between active and passive users above 100 GHz","volume":"1","author":"Polese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78729","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2921522","article-title":"Wireless communications and applications above 100 GHz: Opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Rappaport","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2017.2675885","article-title":"Line-of-sight millimeter-wave communications using orbital angular momentum multiplexing combined with conventional spatial multiplexing","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"The next hyper-connected experience for all. The vision on 6G","year":"2020"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2019.2929455","article-title":"Terahertz-band ultra-massive spatial modulation MIMO","volume":"37","author":"Sarieddeen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107370","article-title":"The TeraNova platform: An integrated testbed for ultra-broadband wireless communications at true terahertz frequencies","volume":"179","author":"Sen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00897-6","article-title":"Multi-kilometre and multi-gigabit-per-second sub-terahertz communications for wireless backhaul applications","volume":"6","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC51304.2022.9833975","article-title":"Wavefront engineering at terahertz frequencies through intelligent reflecting surfaces","author":"Singh","year":"2022"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213901","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.99.213901","article-title":"Observation of accelerating Airy beams","volume":"99","author":"Siviloglou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27674","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27674","article-title":"Optical communication beyond orbital angular momentum","volume":"6","author":"Trichili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2016.2580510","article-title":"Device-to-device millimeter wave communications: Interference, coverage, rate, and finite topologies","volume":"15","author":"Venugopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900103","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201900103","article-title":"Realization of free-space long-distance self-healing Bessel beams","volume":"13","author":"Vetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laser and Photonics Rev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12312","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2021.3117239","article-title":"A novel 3D non-stationary GBSM for 6G THz ultra-massive MIMO wireless systems","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2020.3033825","article-title":"Interference and coverage analysis for terahertz networks with indoor blockage effects and line-of-sight access point association","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5876","article-title":"High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4944789","article-title":"Design, fabrication, and measurement of reflective metasurface for orbital angular momentum vortex wave in radio frequency domain","volume":"108","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2016.2645199","article-title":"Mode division multiplexing communication using microwave orbital angular momentum: An experimental study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"A Survey of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs): Towards 6G Wireless Communication Networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2019"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25418","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.459720","article-title":"Utilizing multiplexing of structured thz beams carrying orbital-angular-momentum for high-capacity communications","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.03.023","article-title":"Free-space optical communication link using perfect vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM)","volume":"396","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Communications and Networks"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2023.1151324\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T04:56:49Z","timestamp":1678942609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2023.1151324\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcmn.2023.1151324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcmn.2023.1151324","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-530X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-530X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"1151324"}}