{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:42:30Z","timestamp":1772822550401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comms. Net."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper studies the performance of hybrid digital-analog multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) downlink communication based on various antenna systems for 5G applications. The analysis is focused on comprehensive numerical simulations comparing hybrid beamforming schemes for collocated vs distributed phased array antennas (PAA) deployments in two indoor office environments. This study uses measured beamforming radiation patterns from two 28\u00a0GHz state-of-the-art PAAs. The channel models employed are the standardized statistical 3GPP 38.901 indoor channel models implemented in the QuaDRiGa software. A beam selection algorithm is implemented to maximize the achievable sum rate, assuming either matched-filtering or zero-forcing precoding. The evaluated figures of merit are the gain of the RF power amplifier, the per-user signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and the resulting achievable sum-rate capacity. Based on the results, the distributed deployment scenario always shows a higher SINR and achievable sum-rate capacity at the user locations while requiring a lesser amplification of the conducted power. Specifically, the largest PAA with slant-polarized 16 \u00d7 4 elements producing 16 horizontal analog beams in combination with zero-forcing digital precoding proved to be the best solution in both open and mixed indoor office environments in absolute values. On the other hand, the array based on the same type of elements but in a more compact realization with 4 \u00d7 4 elements, but with beams arranged as 8 horizontal times 2 vertical, offered the most significant relative gains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2024.1354628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:04:19Z","timestamp":1718946259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing 5G hybrid beamforming in indoor environments\u2014collocated vs distributed mmWave arrays"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bencivenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Alay\u00f3n","family":"Glazunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B3","article-title":"Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"104","article-title":"5G NR Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tech. Rep. Tr."},{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Downlink power control in massive MIMO networks with distributed antenna arrays","author":"Akbar","year":"2018"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Measured distributed vs co-located massive MIMO in industry 4.0 environments","author":"Arnold","year":"2021"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3240837","article-title":"A 28 GHz 8 \u00d7 8 gapwaveguide phased array employing GaN front-end with 60 dBm EIRP","volume":"71","author":"Bagheri","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2022.3227718","article-title":"A 16 \u00d7 16 45\u00b0 slant-polarized gapwaveguide phased array with 65-dBm EIRP at 28 GHz","volume":"71","author":"Bagheri","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.2018.1800140","article-title":"Massive MIMO in sub-6 GHz and mmWave: physical, practical, and use-case differences","volume":"26","author":"Bjornson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"271","article-title":"Scaling up distributed massive MIMO: why and how","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"836","article-title":"Co-located vs distributed vs semi-distributed MIMO: measurement-based evaluation","author":"Choi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2020.2998405","article-title":"Performance of distributed massive MIMO and small-cell systems under hardware and channel impairments","volume":"69","author":"Elhoushy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2017.2776401","article-title":"Massive MIMO linear precoding: a survey","volume":"12","author":"Fatema","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2014.2328111","article-title":"Millimeter-wave enhanced local area systems: a high-data-rate approach for future wireless networks","volume":"32","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2020.2985681","article-title":"SINR and rate distributions for downlink cellular networks","volume":"19","author":"Hadj-Kacem","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analog beam selection schemes of DFT-based hybrid beamforming multiuser systems","author":"Han","year":"2017"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Distributed massive MIMO in millimetre wave communication","author":"Islam","year":"2022"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2014.2310220","article-title":"QuaDRiGa: a 3-D multi-cell channel model with time evolution for enabling virtual field trials","volume":"62","author":"Jaeckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"QuaDRiGa - quasi deterministic radio channel generator, user manual and documentation","author":"Jaeckel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2019.1291","article-title":"Frequency synchronisation for massive MIMO: a survey","volume":"14","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2016.2519513","article-title":"Spectral-efficiency analysis of massive MIMO systems in centralized and distributed schemes","volume":"64","author":"Kamga","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2019.2931318","article-title":"MIMO-supporting radio-over-fiber system and its application in mmWave-based indoor 5G mobile network","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2015.2460751","article-title":"Performance analysis of massive MIMO for cell-boundary users","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2010.092810.091092","article-title":"Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas","volume":"9","author":"Marzetta","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"383","article-title":"Performance analysis and comparison of ZF and MRT based downlink massive MIMO systems","author":"Parfait","year":"2014"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10141646","article-title":"Experimental analysis of concentrated versus distributed massive MIMO in an indoor cell at 3.5 GHz","volume":"10","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2014.2299397","article-title":"Millimeter-wave cellular wireless networks: potentials and challenges","volume":"102","author":"Rangan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/msp.2011.2178495","article-title":"Scaling up MIMO: opportunities and challenges with very large arrays","volume":"30","author":"Rusek","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Downlink performance of indoor distributed antenna systems based on wideband MIMO measurement at 5.25 GHz","author":"Sheng","year":"2011"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2020.2965442","article-title":"Wireless powered wearables using distributed massive MIMO","volume":"68","author":"Van","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.2014.6736752","article-title":"Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2013.131012","article-title":"Spectral efficiency of distributed MIMO systems","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2017.2719924","article-title":"Millimeter wave communications for future mobile networks","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.2010.5490977","article-title":"Cooperative distributed antenna systems for mobile communications [coordinated and distributed MIMO]","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11368","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2019.2943663","article-title":"Multiplexing gain analysis of mmWave massive MIMO systems with distributed antenna subarrays","volume":"68","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/network2020019","article-title":"Energy efficient access point placement for distributed massive MIMO","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Network"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Communications and Networks"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2024.1354628\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:04:24Z","timestamp":1718946264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2024.1354628\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcmn.2024.1354628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcmn.2024.1354628","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-530X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-530X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"article-number":"1354628"}}