{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:33:40Z","timestamp":1778693620095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Commun. Netw."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies offer immense potential when integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) across multiple sectors, including healthcare. Blockchain remains an active research topic, particularly regarding its scalability and the time efficiency of its verification process. However, limited attention has been given to the practical challenges of integrating blockchain with AIoT (AI with IoT) in healthcare applications, that face persistent privacy and security challenges due to the sensitive nature of personal data. These challenges include time-consuming data retrieval and increased memory usage, which impact the practical implementation of blockchain-based AIoT systems. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a platform framework that integrates edge AI with a sharding-based proof-of-authority (PoA) blockchain for healthcare systems. The proposed framework incorporates three key strategies for blockchain applications in healthcare: 1) a blockchain version manager for AI adaptors, 2) IoT preprocessing for blockchain data management, and 3) the Shall Fragment Cube (SFC) approach for blockchain decision archiving. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the use of a sharding blockchain significantly enhances memory efficiency and reduces data retrieval time in healthcare AIoT applications. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the SFC approach reduces data retrieval time by approximately 50%. Thus, the proposed system design provides a practical and reliable solution for integrating blockchain into future healthcare AIoT systems, unlocking transformative potential across multiple application domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2025.1538965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T05:28:30Z","timestamp":1744781310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Platform framework for blockchain-enhanced healthcare AIoT systems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Minhee","family":"Jun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04124-8","article-title":"Svbe: searchable and verifiable blockchain-based electronic medical records system","volume":"12","author":"Alrebdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00029","article-title":"Ownership preserving ai market places using blockchain","volume-title":"2019 IEEE international conference on blockchain (blockchain)","author":"Baranwal Somy","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54371","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981415","article-title":"A survey on decentralized consensus mechanisms for cyber physical systems","volume":"8","author":"Bodkhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.10.026","article-title":"A survey on blockchain solutions in ddos attacks mitigation: techniques, open challenges and future directions","volume":"197","author":"Chaganti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRITO48877.2020.9197847","article-title":"Ai and blockchain integration","volume-title":"2020 8th international conference on reliability, infocom technologies and optimization (trends and future directions) (ICRITO)","author":"Chavali","year":"2020"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"An ai based super nodes selection algorithm in blockchain networks","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBCTIS55569.2022.00050","article-title":"A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms","volume-title":"2022 international conference on blockchain technology and information security (ICBCTIS)","author":"Deng","year":"2022"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.3620971","article-title":"Ai and blockchain: a disruptive integration","volume":"51","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2003.10.003","article-title":"Ddos attacks and defense mechanisms: classification and state-of-the-art","volume":"44","author":"Douligeris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/eSmarTA62850.2024.10638992","article-title":"Artificial intelligence of things (aiot) technologies, benefits and applications","volume-title":"2024 4th international conference on emerging smart technologies and applications (eSmarTA)","author":"Era","year":"2024"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07091","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2001.07091","article-title":"Blockchain consensuses algorithms: a survey","author":"Ferdous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corr. abs\/2001"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2904303","article-title":"Permissioned blockchain and edge computing empowered privacy-preserving smart grid networks","volume":"6","author":"Gai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijin.2021.09.005","article-title":"Blockchain technology applications in healthcare: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Intelligent Netw."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.3390\/app13053066","article-title":"Blockchain-based decentralized architecture for software version control","volume":"13","author":"Hammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00057","article-title":"Decentralized and collaborative ai on blockchain","volume-title":"2019 IEEE international conference on blockchain (blockchain)","author":"Harris","year":"2019"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103633","article-title":"Blockchain for healthcare systems: architecture, security challenges, trends and future directions","volume":"215","author":"J","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/BRAINS49436.2020.9223307","article-title":"Ai pedigree verification platform using blockchain","volume-title":"2020 2nd conference on blockchain research applications for innovative networks and services (BRAINS)","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2020"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Blockchain tethered AI","author":"Kilroy","year":"2023"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349019","article-title":"On the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology: a perspective about security","volume":"12","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.020","article-title":"A survey on the security of blockchain systems","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2993601","article-title":"Blockchain for future smart grid: a comprehensive survey","volume":"8","author":"Mollah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICST59744.2023.10460772","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence and blockchain for future cyber threat intelligence","author":"Pal","year":"2023"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2975999","article-title":"Exploring the attack surface of blockchain: a comprehensive survey","volume":"22","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1109\/AIE57029.2022.00096","article-title":"Ai in blockchain towards realizing cyber security","volume-title":"2022 international conference on artificial intelligence in everything (AIE)","author":"Salama","year":"2022"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1109\/AECE59614.2023.10428598","article-title":"Blockchain technology and artificial intelligence\u2019s future applications in cyber security","author":"Salama","year":"2023"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102481","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on attacks, security issues and blockchain solutions for iot and iiot","volume":"149","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACITE57410.2023.10183214","article-title":"The role of ai and blockchain in supply chain traceability","volume-title":"2023 3rd international conference on advance computing and innovative technologies in engineering (ICACITE)","author":"Sherin","year":"2023"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.51582\/interconf.19-20.09.2022.019","article-title":"A novel architecture of a secure medical system using dag","author":"Shmatko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Collect. InterConf+"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102364","article-title":"Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in iot network for the sustainable smart city","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100006","article-title":"A survey on the adoption of blockchain in iot: challenges and solutions","volume":"2","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blockchain Res. Appl."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.3390\/en10121971","article-title":"A novel electricity transaction mode of microgrids based on blockchain and continuous double auction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102720","article-title":"Chain or dag? underlying data structures, architectures, topologies and consensus in distributed ledger technology: a review, taxonomy and research issues","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ISETC.2018.8583923","article-title":"Blockchain and consensus algorithms in internet of things","volume-title":"2018 international symposium on electronics and telecommunications (ISETC)","author":"Zoican","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Communications and Networks"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2025.1538965\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T05:28:35Z","timestamp":1744781315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2025.1538965\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcmn.2025.1538965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcmn.2025.1538965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-530X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-530X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"article-number":"1538965"}}