{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:13:32Z","timestamp":1771485212405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C20\/IS\/14767486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C20\/IS\/14767486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C21\/IS\/16193290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C21\/IS\/16193290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Commun. Netw."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid expansion of Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit (NGSO) constellations is reshaping satellite communications, creating complex interference scenarios with Geostationary Satellite Orbit (GSO) systems due to shared spectrum usage. This article explores the challenges of NGSO\u2013GSO spectral coexistence, focusing on recent regulatory developments, including the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-23), which upheld existing EPFD limits while launching technical studies on aggregate interference. We review state-of-the-art mitigation strategies, such as beamforming and power control, validated through simulations, and highlight the role of AI in enhancing interference detection and response. The paper concludes with a forward-looking research agenda centered on adaptive regulatory tools, probabilistic interference models, and data-driven coordination to support sustainable orbital spectrum sharing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2026.1730921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:42:51Z","timestamp":1771483371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging NGSO constellations: spectral coexistence with GSO satellite communication systems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Flor","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)","place":["Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almoatssimbillah","family":"Saifaldawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdis","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Emiliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne des Satellites (SES)","place":["Luxembourg, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Chatzinotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg, Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162681","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3606375","article-title":"Overview of dynamic spectrum sharing between leo satellites and mobile networks: enabling seamless connectivity and coexistence in 6g","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350942","DOI":"10.1155\/jcnc\/3350942","article-title":"Overview of hybrid satellite\u2013terrestrial networks (hstns): key technologies and upcoming challenges","volume":"2025","author":"Asgharzadeh-Bonab","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3562152","article-title":"An overview of performance analysis and optimization in coexisting satellites and future terrestrial networks","volume":"6","author":"Ati","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.04.030","article-title":"Large satellite constellations and space debris: exploratory analysis of strategic management of the space commons","volume":"304","author":"Bernhard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Operational Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71385-0_3","article-title":"Approaches to and loci for regulation of large and mega satellite constellations","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leg. Asp. Around Satell. Constellations"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3534617","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for satellite communication: a survey","author":"Fontanesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3566234","article-title":"Analysis method for downlink co-frequency interference in ngso satellite communication systems with information geometry","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Itu regulatory regime related to non-gso satellite systems","author":"Henri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Space Law Leg. Framew. Space Activities"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITISEE63424.2024.10730710","article-title":"Compliance of non-GSO satellite with radio regulations regarding to interference with GSO earth stations. case study: starlink and telkom 3s","volume-title":"2024 8th international conference on information technology, information systems and electrical engineering (ICITISEE)","author":"Hidayati","year":"2024"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Final acts of the world radiocommunication conference (WRC-23) provisional version"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"WRC-23 resolution 770: studies on aggregate EPFD for GSO protection resolution text adopted at WRC-23, agenda item 1","year":""},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Preliminary studies on aggregate epfd assessments from multiple ngso systems preparatory document for WRC-27 under WRC-25 study cycle","year":"2024"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC54779.2022.9977866","article-title":"Radio regulation compliance of NGSO constellations\u2019 interference towards GSO ground stations","volume-title":"2022 IEEE 33rd annual international symposium on personal, indoor and Mobile radio communications (PIMRC)","author":"Jalali","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2023.3302511","article-title":"Joint power and tilt control in satellite constellation for NGSO-GSO interference mitigation","volume":"4","author":"Jalali","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3328599","article-title":"Interference mitigation for reverse spectrum sharing in b5g\/6g satellite-terrestrial networks","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5372747","article-title":"Market mechanisms for satellite spectrum management","author":"Lopez","year":"2025"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19249-4","volume-title":"The urgent need for regulation of satellite mega-constellations in outer space","author":"Millwood","year":"2023"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spectrum prediction and interference detection for satellite communications","volume-title":"Advances in communications satellite systems. Proceedings of the 37th international communications satellite systems conference (ICSSC-2019)","author":"Pellaco","year":"2019"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP60739.2024.10501109","article-title":"Investigating the interference induced by NGSO constellations on GSO system ground stations: a simulation approach","volume-title":"2024 18th European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP)","author":"Polo","year":"2024"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Functional description to be used in developing software tools for determining conformity of non-geostationary-satellite orbit fixed-satellite service systems or networks with limits contained in article 22 of the radio regulations","year":"2018"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1351","article-title":"Next-generation global satellite system with mega-constellations","volume":"39","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Satellite Commun. Network."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC56721.2023.10293839","article-title":"NGSO-To-GSO satellite interference detection based on autoencoder","volume-title":"2023 IEEE 34th annual international symposium on personal, indoor and Mobile radio communications (PIMRC)","author":"Saifaldawla","year":"2023"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWT62080.2024.10674698","article-title":"Analysis of uplink and downlink interference between NGSO and GSO satellites at Ku band frequency: case study on starlink and telkom-3s","volume-title":"2024 10th international conference on wireless and telematics (ICWT)","author":"Susanto","year":"2024"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11095","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3544171","article-title":"Downlink interference analysis of large-scale non-geostationary orbit constellation based on fibonacci grid method","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Communications and Networks"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2026.1730921\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:42:54Z","timestamp":1771483374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frcmn.2026.1730921\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frcmn.2026.1730921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcmn.2026.1730921","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-530X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-530X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"article-number":"1730921"}}