{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:17:34Z","timestamp":1776115054095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Res. Metr. Anal."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Federal agencies are increasingly expected to adopt enterprise risk management (ERM). However, public sector adoption of ERM has typically focused on the economic efficiency of tax-financed activities based on control-based practices. This reflects an emphasis on quantifiable concerns that invariably directs attention to risk, that (by definition) relates to identifiable and measurable events, thereby downplaying uncertain and unknown aspects of public exposures. This is a potentially serious shortcoming as government entities often act as society's risk managers of last resort. When extreme events happen what were previously considered private matters can quickly turn into public obligations. Hence, there is a need for proactive assessments of the evolving public risk landscape to discern unpredictable-even unknowable-developments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The article reviews recent empirical studies on public risk management practices, effects of digitalization in public sector institutions, current strategic management research, and insights uncovered from a recent study of risk management practices in federal agencies. On this basis, the article explains how the ability to generate value from ERM can be enhanced when it intertwines with local responsive initiatives and central strategic risk analyses. It can form a dynamic adaptive risk management process where insights from dispersed actors inform updated risk analyses based on local autonomy and open exchange of information. This approach builds on specific structural features embedded in culture-driven aspirations to generate collaborative solutions. Its functional mode is an interactive control system with open discussions across levels and functions in contrast to conventional diagnostic controls that monitor predetermined key performance indicators (KPIs) and key risk indicators (KRIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Backed by theoretical rationales and empirical research evidence, it is found that applications of ERM frameworks can produce positive results but is unable to deal with a public risk landscape characterized by uncertain unpredictable conditions with potentially extreme outcome effects. It is shown how interactive exchange of fast local insights and slow integrated strategic risk analyses supported by digitized data processing can form a dynamic adaptive system that enable public sector institutions to deal with emergent high-scale exposures. It is explained how the requirement for conducive organizational structures and supportive values require a new strategic risk leadership approach, which is contrasted to observed practices in federal agencies that are constrained by prevailing public governance requirements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The need to deal with uncertainty and unknown conditions demands a cognitive shift in current thinking from a primary focus on risk to also appraise complexity and prepare for the unexpected where data-driven methods can uncover emergent exposures through dynamic information processing. This requires strategic risk leaders that recognize the significance of complex public exposures with many unknowns and a willingness to facilitate digitalized information processing rooted in a collaborative organizational climate. If handled properly, adoption of ERM in public risk management can consider emergent dimensions in complex public exposures applying interactive information processing as a dynamic adaptive risk management approach incorporating digitized methods to solicit collective intelligence for strategic risk updating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2023.1239447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T08:13:34Z","timestamp":1703060014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancing public sector enterprise risk management through interactive information processing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Torben J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"The Association for Federal Enterprise Risk Management. 2022 Annual Survey2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1108\/JRF-11-2017-0189","article-title":"Cognitive risk culture and advanced roles of actors in risk governance: a case study","volume":"19","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Risk Finan."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-09-2020-0231","article-title":"Facing and responding to the COVID-19 threat \u2013 an empirical examination of MSMEs","volume":"33","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Busin. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139381642","volume-title":"Short Introduction to Strategic Management","author":"Andersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/030630701504000405","article-title":"Interactive strategy-making: combining central reasoning with ongoing learning from decentralized responses","volume":"40","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. General Manage."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2281","article-title":"Exploring longitudinal risk-return relationships","volume":"36","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strateg. Manage. J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.596","article-title":"Strategic responsiveness and Bowman's risk-return paradox","volume":"28","author":"Andersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"\u201cThe responsive organization: Understanding the dual processes of the human mind and human interaction in strategy making,\u201d","volume-title":"CGSR Working Paper Series No. 1","author":"Andersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.126","article-title":"The adaptive organization and fast-slow systems. oxford research encyclopedia. business policy and strategy, organization theory","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organizat. Behav"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315469058","volume-title":"Global Strategic Responsiveness: Exploiting Frontline Information in the Adaptive Multinational Enterprise","author":"Andersen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Et Netv\u00e6rk af Hjerner: T\u00e6nk med dine medarbejdere og led med succes","author":"Andersen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"\u201cStrategic risk management \u2013 a research overview,\u201d","volume-title":"State of the Art in Business Research.","author":"Andersen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"65","article-title":"\u201cResponding to advance upside potential through interactive strategic control processes,\u201d","author":"Andersen","year":"2023"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2021.102164","article-title":"Conjoint effects of interacting strategy-making processes and lines of defense practices in strategic risk management: an empirical study","volume":"55","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Long Range Plann."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003006220","volume-title":"Strategic Risk Leadership: Engaging a World of Risk, Uncertainty, and the Unknown","author":"Andersen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2023.2197170","article-title":"Reshaping public sector (enterprise) risk management","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admini"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101662","article-title":"Unpacking the digitalization of public services: configuring work during automation in local government","volume":"39","author":"Andersson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2020.1820272","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic as a game changer for public administration and leadership? The need for robust governance responses to turbulent problems","volume":"23","author":"Ansell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Manage. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410617095","volume-title":"Transformational Leadership","author":"Bass","year":"2006"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"The Managerial Decision Making Process (5th ed)","author":"Bazerman","year":"2009"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Predictable Surprises: The Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming, and How to Prevent Them","author":"Bazerman","year":"2008"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250160104","article-title":"The dominant logic: retrospective and extension","volume":"16","author":"Bettis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026651","article-title":"Differentiating the effects of status and power: a justice perspective","volume":"102","author":"Blader","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/10717919070130030201","article-title":"Follower behavior and organizational performance: the impact of transformational leaders","volume":"13","author":"Borener","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leader. Organizat. Stud."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPSM-02-2020-0049","article-title":"Risk management in the public sector: a structured literature review","volume":"34","author":"Bracci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Sector Manage."},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"BrooksR. The Seven Deadly Sins of AI Predictions, MIT Technology Review2017"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04643-y","article-title":"Virtual communication curbs creative idea generation","volume":"605","author":"Brucks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.625","article-title":"Let chaos reign, then rein in chaos-repeatedly: Managing strategic dynamics for corporate longevity","volume":"28","author":"Burgelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2017.1317799","article-title":"The role of risk in improving goal setting in performance management practices within public sector: an explorative research in courts offices in Italy","volume":"41","author":"Capaldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admi"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.05322","article-title":"Problematizing assumptions on digital transformation research in the information systems field","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inform. Syst"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2009.03.003","article-title":"CEO elitist association: toward a new understanding of an executive behavioral pattern","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2019.1645874","article-title":"Public service innovation: a typology","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Manag. Rev."},{"key":"B33","article-title":"\u201cEnterprise risk management \u2013 integrated framework,\u201d","year":"2004","journal-title":"Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"\u201cEnterprise risk management \u2013 integrating with strategy and performance,\u201d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41288-021-00260-4","article-title":"Extreme events, climate risks and insurance \u2013 editorial: issues and practice","volume":"47","author":"Courbage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geneva Papers Risk Insur"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Risk analysis and risk management in the public sector and in public auditing728 DomokosL. Ny\u00e9kiM. Jakov\u00e1cK. N\u00e9methE. HatvaniC. Public Finan. Quart.12015"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.1993.tb00308.x","article-title":"Interpretations an automatic: a different view of strategic issue diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Dutton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Manage. Stud."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.03.010","article-title":"Can we solve wicked problems? A conceptual framework and a collective intelligence system to support problem analysis and solution design for complex social issues","volume":"133","author":"Elia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Why Smart Executives Fail and What You Can Learn from Their Mistakes","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2003"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"FlorinM. V. Nine Recommendations for the Governance of AI Systems. Geneva: International Risk Governance Center (IRGC)2022"},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"Public Sector Risk Management","author":"Fone","year":"2000"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"GermanM. Lewinson-WaldmanR. Mueller-HsiaK. Ending Fusion Center Abuses: A Roadmap for Robust Federal Oversight. New York: Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law2022"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726719844813","article-title":"Respectful leadership and followers' knowledge sharing: a social mindfulness lens","volume":"73","author":"Gerpott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2016.09.001","article-title":"Emerging technologies and the democratization of financial services: a meta-triangulation of crowdfunding research","volume":"26","author":"Gleasure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inform. Organizat."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"What kind of cause unites a crowd? Understanding crowdfunding as collective action223236 GleasureR. FellerJ. J. Elect. Commerce Res.192018"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195304121.001.0001","volume-title":"Swarm Creativity: Competitive Advantage Through Collaborative Innovation Networks","author":"Gloor","year":"2006"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Cool Farming: Turn Your Great Idea into the Next Big Thing","author":"Gloor","year":"2011"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787142008","volume-title":"Swarm Leadership and the Collective Mind: Using Collaborative Innovation Networks to Build a Better Business","author":"Gloor","year":"2017"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Willful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious at Our Peril","author":"Heffernan","year":"2011"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2016.1255959","article-title":"Implementing risk management in the Italian public sector: hybridization between old and new practices","volume":"41","author":"Hinna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admin."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2011.10.002","article-title":"Weak signals: Ansoff today","volume":"44","author":"Holopainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403723101","article-title":"Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers","volume":"101","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2021.102180","article-title":"The wisdom and madness of crowds: How information networks and board cognition help or hinder firm performance across the business cycle","volume":"55","author":"Hudson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Long Range Plann."},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Risk Management \u2013 Principles and Guidelines [ISO 31000]","year":"2009"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Risk Management - ISO 31000 Update","year":"2018"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2019.1669176","article-title":"Exploring the potential for collaborative leadership through a policy lens: a comparative analysis of children's services and flood risk management","volume":"43","author":"Jacklin-Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admin"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Thinking Fast and Slow","author":"Kahneman","year":"2011"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2017.1280819","article-title":"Collaborative crisis management and leadership in the public sector","volume":"41","author":"Kapucu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admin"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508420961527","article-title":"Dislocated dialogue: an anthropological investigation of digitization among professionals in fire safety","volume":"28","author":"Karsten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Organization"},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future","author":"Kay","year":"2002"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1988.001.0001","volume-title":"The Complementary Nature","author":"Kelso","year":"2006"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2020.1758720","article-title":"Building resilient organizations: Organizational resilience as a network outcome","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admin"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/10429247.2009.11431803","article-title":"The relationship between organizational culture and enterprise risk management","volume":"21","author":"Kimbrough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Manage. J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-008-9095-2","article-title":"A cognitive load approach to collaborative learning: United brains for complex tasks","volume":"21","author":"Kirschner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"Change: How Organizations Achieve Hard-to-Imagine Results","author":"Kotter","year":"2021"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-07-2022-0587","article-title":"Decision-making under extreme uncertainty: Eristic rather than heuristic","volume":"29","author":"Kurdoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrepren. Behav. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508420968179","article-title":"Automating to control: the unexpected consequences of modern automated work delivery in practice","volume":"28","author":"Lammi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Organization"},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"1999"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.08.001","article-title":"From social computing to reflexive collective intelligence: the IEML research program","volume":"180","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2019.101428","article-title":"Social centralization and semantic collapse: hyperbolic embeddings of networks and text","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poetics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2016.06.004","article-title":"Using public crowds for open strategy formulation: Mitigating the risks of knowledge gaps","volume":"50","author":"Malhotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Long Range Plann."},{"key":"B72","volume-title":"Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together","author":"Malone","year":"2018"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"The Ostrich Paradox: Why we Underprepare for Disasters","author":"Meyer","year":"2017"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2022.891324","article-title":"Does your organization assess risk culture? If not, it should. Here's how","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Res. Metr. Analyt."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250060306","article-title":"Of strategies, deliberate and emergent","volume":"6","author":"Mintzberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"When All Else Fails: Government as Ultimate Risk Manager","author":"Moss","year":"2002"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12698","article-title":"Managing the entanglement: complexity leadership in public sector systems","volume":"77","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/gsj.1125","article-title":"\u2018Meso'-foundations of dynamic capabilities: Team-level synthesis and distributed leadership as the source of dynamic creativity","volume":"6","author":"Nonaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Strate. J."},{"key":"B79","year":"2016","journal-title":"OMB Circular A-123: Management's Responsibility for Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and Internal Control"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000600","article-title":"Enterprise agility and the enabling role of information technology","volume":"15","author":"Overby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830282","volume-title":"The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies","author":"Page","year":""},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2007.27895335","article-title":"Making the difference: Applying a logic of diversity","volume":"21","author":"Page","year":"","journal-title":"Acad. Manage. Perspect."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2021.1877796","article-title":"Does digitizing involve desensitizing? Strategic insights into the side effects of workplace digitization","volume":"24","author":"Palumbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Manage. Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307078653","article-title":"On the collective nature of human intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Pentland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2078","article-title":"The elephant in the room of dynamic capabilities: bringing two diverging conversations together","volume":"34","author":"Peteraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3585.001.0001","volume-title":"How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A new view of intelligence","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2006"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2021.1960737","article-title":"Responding to information asymmetry in crisis situations: Innovation at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Manag. Rev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1108\/JOCM-06-2017-0257","article-title":"The transformation of work in digitized public sector organizations","volume":"31","author":"Plesner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Organizat. Change Manage."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2013.791313","article-title":"Public management reform and the regulation of private business: risk-driven, customer-centric, and all joined-up?","volume":"36","author":"Raine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Admin."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2019.1580921","article-title":"New development: Integrating risk management in management control systems\u2014lessons for public sector managers","volume":"39","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Money Manage."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2047","article-title":"Biases in the selection stage of bottom-up strategy formulation","volume":"34","author":"Reitzig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4018\/ijkm.2014040104","article-title":"Knowledge management in support of enterprise risk management","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Knowl. Manage."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-05-2021-0108","article-title":"Resilience and coping with a long term crisis: the cases of Cypriot and Greek micro and small firms","volume":"34","author":"Sakellarios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Busin. Rev."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/emre.12185","article-title":"Making risk management strategic: Integrating enterprise risk management with strategic planning","volume":"16","author":"Sax","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Manage. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2016.0014","article-title":"Quo vadis, dynamic capabilities? A content-analytic review of the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future research","volume":"12","author":"Schilke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad. Manage. Annals"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.08.006","article-title":"On model design for simulation of collective intelligence","volume":"180","author":"Schut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250050203","article-title":"Cognitive simplification processes in strategic decision-making","volume":"5","author":"Schwenk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2012.699541","article-title":"Framing risk in pandemic influenza policy and control","volume":"7","author":"Seetoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/corg.12200","article-title":"Risk governance, structures, culture, and behavior: A view from the inside","volume":"26","author":"Sheedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corp. Govern. Int. Rev."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"269","article-title":"\u201cHow psychological pitfalls generated the global financial crisis,\u201d","volume-title":"The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management","author":"Shefrin","year":"2016"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590594","article-title":"The psychology underlying biased forecasts of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Shefrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Levers of Organization Design: How Managers Use Accountability Systems for Greater Performance and Commitment","author":"Simons","year":"2005"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721418806510","article-title":"The psychological and neural basis of loss aversion","volume":"28","author":"Sokol-Hessner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations","author":"Surowiecki","year":"2004"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/03071847.2019.1694229","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in defence","volume":"164","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"RUSI J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.640","article-title":"Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance","volume":"28","author":"Teece","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2017.06.007","article-title":"Business models and dynamic capabilities","volume":"51","author":"Teece","year":"2018","journal-title":"Long Range Plann."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1525\/cmr.2016.58.4.13","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy","volume":"58","author":"Teece","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calif. Manage. Rev."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities and strategic management","volume":"18","author":"Teece","year":"1997","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B110","volume-title":"Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind","author":"Thompson","year":"2007"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2016.1200662","article-title":"Strengthening political leadership and policy innovation through the expansion of collaborative forms of governance","volume":"19","author":"Torfing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Manage. Rev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/14494035.2020.1794749","article-title":"Taming the snake in paradise: combining institutional design and leadership to enhance collaborative innovation","volume":"39","author":"Torfing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Soc."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2011.0180","article-title":"When power makes others speechless: the negative impact of leader power on team performance","volume":"56","author":"Tost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Manage. J."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508420968184","article-title":"Exploring the dark and unexpected sides of digitalization: toward a critical agenda","volume":"28","author":"Trittin-Ulbrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Organization"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354317713158","article-title":"The role of conviction and narrative in decision-making under radical uncertainty","volume":"27","author":"Tuckett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009","article-title":"Leadership for organizational adaptability: a theoretical synthesis and integrative framework","volume":"29","author":"Uhl-Bien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leadership Quart."},{"key":"B117","unstructured":"Government Response to Preparing for Extreme Risks: Building a Resilient Society2022"},{"key":"B118","volume-title":"The Risk Leadership Challenge","year":"2014"},{"key":"B119","volume-title":"The Embodied Mind: Cognitive science and human experience","author":"Varela","year":"1992"},{"key":"B120","unstructured":"\u201cInterdisciplinary approaches to understanding artificial intelligence's impact on society,\u201d VenkatasubramanianS. BlissN. NissenbaumH. MosesM. The Computing Community Consortium (CCC).2020"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016680230","article-title":"\u201cResearch insights about risk governance: implications from a review of ERM research,\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Viscelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0133","article-title":"Organizing and the process of sensemaking","volume":"16","author":"Weick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Organizat. Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.08.016","article-title":"Collaborative foresight: complementing long-horizon strategic planning","volume":"85","author":"Weigand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"V7","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.3161","article-title":"Strategic responses to crisis","volume":"41","author":"Wenzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415599543","article-title":"Collective intelligence and group performance","volume":"24","author":"Woolley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193147","article-title":"Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups","volume":"330","author":"Woolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/9781801179461","article-title":"\u201cPublic sector leadership in assessing and addressing risk,\u201d","volume-title":"Emerald Studies in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management","author":"Young","year":"2022"},{"key":"B128","volume-title":"Implementing Enterprise Risk Management: Assessing Agency Readiness. Connecting Research to Practice Series","author":"Young","year":"2023"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-07-2018-0395","article-title":"Environmental scanning, supply chain integration, responsiveness, and operational performance","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Operat. Prod. Manage."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-019-09495-0","article-title":"Effects of group experience and information distribution on collaborative learning","volume":"47","author":"Zambrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Instruct. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2023.1239447\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T12:08:50Z","timestamp":1730894930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2023.1239447\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frma.2023.1239447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frma.2023.1239447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-0537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-0537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"article-number":"1239447"}}