{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:44:40Z","timestamp":1776681880315,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Res. Metr. Anal."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research describes the development and validation of the CARES Climate Survey, a 22-item measure designed to assess interpersonal dimensions of work-unit climates. Dimensions of work-unit climates are identified through work-unit member perceptions and include civility, interpersonal accountability, conflict resolution, and institutional harassment responsiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two samples (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,384; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 868) of academic researchers, including one from the North American membership of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), and one from a large research-intensive university, responded to the CARES and additional measures via an online survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate content validity of the CARES measure and confirm structural validity through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses which yielded four dimensions of interpersonal climate. In addition, we confirm the CARES internal reliability, construct validity, and excellent sub-group invariance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CARES is a brief, psychometrically sound instrument that can be used by researchers, institutional leaders, and other practitioners to assess interpersonal climates in organizational work-units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to develop and validate such a measure of interpersonal climates specifically in research-intensive organizations, using rigorous psychometric methods, grounded in both theory and prior research on work-unit climates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2025.1516726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T10:23:56Z","timestamp":1740479036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Climate of Accountability, Respect, and Ethics Survey (CARES): development and validation of an organizational climate survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Martinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarvis","family":"Smallfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki J.","family":"Magley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol R.","family":"Thrush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. K.","family":"Gunsalus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x","article-title":"The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization","volume":"63","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Occup. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2307\/259136","article-title":"Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad. Managem. Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EDI-03-2021-0071","article-title":"Four ways forward in studying sex-based harassment","author":"Berdahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equal. Divers. Inclus."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12289","article-title":"Work as a masculinity contest","volume":"74","author":"Berdahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1086\/222785","article-title":"A theory of social integration","volume":"65","author":"Blau","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"349","article-title":"\u201cWithin-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: implications for data aggregation and analysis,\u201d","volume-title":"Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions","author":"Bliese","year":"2000"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840618814576","article-title":"Making organizations more inclusive: the work of belonging","volume":"41","author":"Bryer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organiz. Stud."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct","author":"Cantor","year":"2015"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.4.605","article-title":"Climate perceptions matter: a meta-analytic path analysis relating molar climate, cognitive and affective states, and individual level work outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/01973530701665108","article-title":"From insult to injury: Explaining the impact of incivility","volume":"29","author":"Caza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Soc. Psych."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-hit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.1.64","article-title":"Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact","volume":"6","author":"Cortina","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-012-9409-0","article-title":"Relationships between the survey of organizational research climate (SORC) and self-reported research practices","volume":"19","author":"Crain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"\u201cA noble purpose alone won't transform your company,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Cross\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Edmondson\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Murphy\n              W.\n            \n          \n          MITSloan Managment Review\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108","article-title":"Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science","volume":"4","author":"Deci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"\u201cThe frenzied folly of professorial groupthink,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Dumitrescu\n              I.\n            \n          \n          The Chronicle of Higher Education.\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2307\/2666999","article-title":"Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams","volume":"44","author":"Edmondson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02484.x","article-title":"Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior","volume":"57","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.6.960","article-title":"Organizational citizenship behavior in work groups: A group norms approach","volume":"89","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315857664","volume-title":"Organizational Climate and Culture: An Introduction to Theory, Research, and Practice","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2013"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"\u201cSelect task force on the study of harassment in the workplace,\u201d\n          \n          \n            \n              Feldblum\n              C. R.\n            \n            \n              Lipnic\n              V. A.\n            \n          \n          Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12183","article-title":"Psychological safety: a meta-analytic review and extension","volume":"70","author":"Frazier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.2.246","article-title":"Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers","volume":"5","author":"Frone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/job.322","article-title":"Self-determination theory and work motivation","volume":"26","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164409355698","article-title":"The motivation at work scale: validation evidence in two languages","volume":"70","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12280","article-title":"Development and validation of the masculinity contest culture scale","volume":"74","author":"Glick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2010.531186","article-title":"Multilevel relationships between organizational-level incivility, justice and intention to stay","volume":"24","author":"Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00256-8","article-title":"Researchers' perceptions of a responsible research climate: a multi focus group study","volume":"26","author":"Haven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/dxyng","article-title":"Superb supervision: a pilot study on training supervisors to convey responsible research practices onto their phd students","author":"Haven","year":"2021","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/109442819800100106","article-title":"A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires","volume":"1","author":"Hinkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria vs. new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.2.306","article-title":"An assessment of within-group interrater agreement","volume":"78","author":"James","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000005829","article-title":"Slings and arrows of rudeness: Incivility in the workplace","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Managem. Dev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.2307\/256287","article-title":"Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work","volume":"33","author":"Kahn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acad. Managem. J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1126\/science.364.6446.1117","article-title":"NIH prepares to toughen harassment rules","volume":"364","author":"Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0274976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274976","article-title":"Leaving academia: PhD attrition and unhealthy research environments","volume":"17","author":"Kis","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051814529826","article-title":"Clarifying the relational ties of organizational belonging: understanding the roles of perceived insider status, psychological ownership, and organizational identification","volume":"21","author":"Knapp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Leaders. Organiz. Stud."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/17513057.2021.1897152","article-title":"A new framework of workplace belonging: instrument validation and testing relationships to crucial acculturation outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Komisarof","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Intercult. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.3.407","article-title":"An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes","volume":"85","author":"Liden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.3.483","article-title":"Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: The interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment","volume":"90","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021726","article-title":"Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: does family support help?","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306283","article-title":"Work redesign for the 21st century: promising strategies for enhancing worker wellbeing","volume":"111","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000441.","article-title":"Measurement invariance testing using confirmatory factor analysis and alignment optimization: A tutorial for transparent analysis planning and reporting","author":"Luong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Meth"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.10.4.477","article-title":"Development and validation of the uncivil workplace behavior questionnaire","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-012-9410-7","article-title":"Development and validation of the survey of organizational research climate (sorc)","volume":"19","author":"Martinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.x","article-title":"Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: the moderating role of diversity climate","volume":"61","author":"McKay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1126\/science.361.6409.1299","article-title":"NSF issues sexual harassment policy as NIH promises action","volume":"361","author":"Mervis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.3.372","article-title":"Testing the \u201cside-bet theory\u201d of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations","volume":"69","author":"Meyer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00695.x","article-title":"Testing a moderated mediational model of workgroup incivility: The roles of organizational trust and group regard","volume":"40","author":"Miner-Rubino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consesquences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome","author":"Organ","year":"1988"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup1002_2","article-title":"Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time","volume":"10","author":"Organ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Perform."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.1.157","article-title":"Cognitive vs. affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior","volume":"74","author":"Organ","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(00)00019-X","article-title":"Assessing and attacking workplace incivility","volume":"29","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organ. Dyn."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1177\/00187267015411001","article-title":"When workers flout convention: a study of workplace incivility","volume":"54","author":"Pearson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.2005.15841946","article-title":"On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for nice? Think again","volume":"19","author":"Pearson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Managem. Perspect."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/job.336","article-title":"Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): the moderating role of negative affectivity","volume":"26","author":"Penney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2009.01.003","article-title":"Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers' performance on routine and creative tasks","volume":"109","author":"Porath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.80.1.122","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups","volume":"80","author":"Rahim","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"223","article-title":"\u201cInterpersonal relationships at work,\u201d","volume-title":"APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol 3: Maintaining, Expanding, and Contracting the Organization","author":"Reich","year":"2011"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143809","article-title":"Organizational climate and culture","volume":"64","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.3.219","article-title":"Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader \u2013 member exchange, and employee reciprocity","volume":"81","author":"Settoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1086\/209528","article-title":"Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research","volume":"25","author":"Steenkamp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000049","article-title":"Analyzing observed composite differences across groups: Is partial measurement invariance enough?","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2307\/1556375","article-title":"Consequences of abusive supervision","volume":"43","author":"Tepper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad. Managem. J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-018-3839-9","article-title":"Ethical leadership and team-level creativity: Mediation of psychological safety climate and moderation of supervisor support for creativity","volume":"159","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Busin. Ethics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004491","article-title":"Ending sexual harassment in science: Designing and administering a survey that can lead to an improved organizational climate","volume":"97","author":"Valantine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2019.5","article-title":"Don't forget the role of civility interventions in workplace sexual harassment","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9251-4","article-title":"Assessing workgroup norms for civility: the development of the civility norms questionnaire-brief","volume":"27","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment","volume":"60","author":"Willness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1516726\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T10:24:04Z","timestamp":1740479044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1516726\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frma.2025.1516726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frma.2025.1516726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-0537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-0537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"article-number":"1516726"}}