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AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disassembly of electric vehicle batteries is a critical stage in recovery, recycling and re-use of high-value battery materials, but is complicated by limited standardisation, design complexity, compounded by uncertainty and safety issues from varying end-of-life condition. Telerobotics presents an avenue for semi-autonomous robotic disassembly that addresses these challenges. However, it is suggested that quality and realism of the user\u2019s haptic interactions with the environment is important for precise, contact-rich and safety-critical tasks. To investigate this proposition, we demonstrate the disassembly of a Nissan Leaf 2011 module stack as a basis for a comparative study between a traditional asymmetric haptic-\u201ccobot\u201d master-slave framework and identical master and slave cobots based on task completion time and success rate metrics. We demonstrate across a range of disassembly tasks a time reduction of 22%\u201357% is achieved using identical cobots, yet this improvement arises chiefly from an expanded workspace and 1:1 positional mapping, and suffers a 10%\u201330% reduction in first attempt success rate. For unbolting and grasping, the realism of force feedback was comparatively less important than directional information encoded in the interaction, however, 1:1 force mapping strengthened environmental tactile cues for vacuum pick-and-place and contact cutting tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2023.1179296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T04:32:25Z","timestamp":1693369945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Towards reuse and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: tele-robotics for disassembly of electric vehicle batteries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jamie","family":"Hathaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Shaarawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cansu","family":"Akdeniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Aflakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rustam","family":"Stolkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rastegarpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2019.2913643","article-title":"A haptic shared-control architecture for guided multi-target robotic grasping","volume":"13","author":"Abi-Farraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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