{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:30:10Z","timestamp":1774283410733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automated disassembly is increasingly in focus for Recycling, Re-use, and Remanufacturing (Re-X) activities. Trends in digitalization, in particular digital twin (DT) technologies and the digital product passport, as well as recently proposed European legislation such as the Net Zero and the Critical materials Acts will accelerate digitalization of product documentation and factory processes. In this contribution we look beyond these activities by discussing digital information for stakeholders at the Re-X segment of the value-chain. Furthermore, we present an approach to automated product disassembly based on different levels of available product information. The challenges for automated disassembly and the subsequent requirements on modeling of disassembly processes and product states for electronic waste are examined. The authors use a top-down (e.g., review of existing standards and process definitions) methodology to define an initial data model for disassembly processes. An additional bottom-up approach, whereby 5 exemplary electronics products were manually disassembled, was employed to analyze the efficacy of the initial data model and to offer improvements. This paper reports on our suggested informal data models for automatic electronics disassembly and the associated robotic skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1303279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T04:32:15Z","timestamp":1711081935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Automated disassembly of e-waste\u2014requirements on modeling of processes and product states"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Saenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Felsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tim","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Poenicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bayrhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Vorbr\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Elkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Arlinghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082289","article-title":"Towards a digital product passport fit for contributing to a circular economy","volume":"14","author":"Adisorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Digitale Zwillinge und Agenten f\u00fcr die Produktion von morgen. In: atp magazin","author":"Bayrhammer","year":"2022"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Upcoming technologies and fundamentals for safeguarding all forms of human-robot collaboration","author":"Behrens","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Recycling von Elektroschrott: ergiebiger als bergwerke","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2022"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"de: lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz(LkSG). Stand2023"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Stand: 30.06.20232023"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Current industry 4.0 platforms \u2013 an overview","author":"Christian","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Richtlinie 2012\/19\/EU des Europ\u00e4ischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 4. Juli 2012 \u00fcber Elektro-und Elektronik-Altger\u00e4teText von Bedeutung f\u00fcr den EWR","year":"2012"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Verordnung EU 2021\/341 der Kommission. \u00d6kodesign richtlinie 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Proposal for a regulation of the european parliament and of the council establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, 2018\/1724 and (EU) 2019\/1020, COM\/2023\/160 final","year":"2023"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: quantities, flows and the circular economy potential","author":"Forti","year":"2022"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Gaia-X. Stand: 30.06.20232023"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10336","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810336","article-title":"Digital twin for FANUC robots: industrial robot programming and simulation using virtual reality","volume":"13","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Der digitale produktpass als politik-konzept","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2022"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/jas.2020.1003515","article-title":"Disassembly sequence planning: a survey","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOBI.2015.7160165","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a Skill Based Architecture for applied industrial robotics","volume-title":"International work conference on bioinspired intelligence (IWOBI)","author":"Herrero","year":"2015"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"42","article-title":"Rezept gegen Rohtstoffmangel","volume":"2021","author":"Holtschneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiirtschafts Woche"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Standardmethoden zur Produktivit\u00e4tssteigerung und Prozessoptimierung. M\u00fcnchen","year":"2015"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Manufacturing-X initiative. Stand: 30.06.20232023"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"IIoT platforms and ecosystems: industrial IoT platform evolutions. Stand: 26.08.20212021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03053933","article-title":"Semi-automatisierte Demontage f\u00fcr Elektronikschrottrecycling","volume":"120","author":"Kopacek","year":"2003","journal-title":"e i Elektrotechnik und Inf."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474","article-title":"Digital Twin in manufacturing: a categorical literature review and classification","volume":"51","author":"Kritzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Gesetz zur F\u00f6rderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der umweltvertr\u00e4glichen Bewirtschaftung von Abf\u00e4llen (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz - KrWG)","year":"2023"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Ressourceneffizienz durch Remanufacturing - industrielle Aufarbeitung von Altteilen. Kurzanalyse Nr. 18. VDI ZRE Publikatione","author":"Lange","year":"2017"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3139\/104.112324","article-title":"Der Digitale Zwilling \u00fcber den Produktlebenszyklus","volume":"115","author":"Massonet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Wirtsch. Fabr."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"RICHTLINIE 2012\/19\/EU DES EUROP\u00c4ISCHEN PARLAMENTS UND DES RATES vom 4. Juli 2012. \u00fcber Elektro-und Klektronik-Altger\u00e4te","author":"Parlament","year":"2018"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-015-0219-x","article-title":"Gesture-based extraction of robot skill parameters for intuitive robot programming","volume":"80","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intelligent Robotic Syst."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2015.04.002","article-title":"Robot skills for manufacturing: from concept to industrial deployment","volume":"37","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Robotics Computer-Integrated Manuf."},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Plattform industrie 4.0: details of the asset administration shell. Part 1 - the exchange of information between partners in the value chain of industrie 4.0 (Version 3.0RC02)","year":"2022"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Real-time simulation and virtual commissioning of a modular robot system with OPC UA","volume-title":"ISR europe 2022; 54th international symposium on robotics","author":"Reiser","year":"2022"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Renault expects $1.1 billion revenue from new recycling business","year":"2021"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106681","article-title":"A systematic review of decision-making in remanufacturing","volume":"147","author":"Rizova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Industrial Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2014-1069","article-title":"Model-driven software systems engineering in robotics: covering the complete life-cycle of a robot","volume":"57","author":"Schlegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"it - Inf. Technol."},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Apple pushes recycling of iPhone with 'Daisy' robot","author":"Staff","year":"2020"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Statusbericht der deutschen Kreislaufwirtschaft 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Was ist eine Verwaltungsschale? \u2013 VWS vernetzt2022"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1497819","article-title":"Digital twin-based WEEE recycling, recovery and remanufacturing in the background of Industry 4.0","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Struktur zur Repr\u00e4sentation von Montagesequenzen f\u00fcr die situationsorientierte Werkerf\u00fchrung","author":"Wiesbeck","year":"2014"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-04954-2","article-title":"3D-based multi-objective cooperative disassembly sequence planning method for remanufacturing","volume":"106","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.02.131","article-title":"Digital twin in services and industrial product service systems","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405418789975","article-title":"Disassembly sequence planning: recent developments and future trends","volume":"233","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Robotics and AI"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1303279\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1711081950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1303279\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frobt.2024.1303279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1303279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"article-number":"1303279"}}