{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:01:20Z","timestamp":1777395680149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030798","name":"Digital Futures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Companion robots are aimed to mitigate loneliness and social isolation among older adults by providing social and emotional support in their everyday lives. However, older adults\u2019 expectations of conversational companionship might substantially differ from what current technologies can achieve, as well as from other age groups like young adults. Thus, it is crucial to involve older adults in the development of conversational companion robots to ensure that these devices align with their unique expectations and experiences. The recent advancement in foundation models, such as large language models, has taken a significant stride toward fulfilling those expectations, in contrast to the prior literature that relied on humans controlling robots (i.e., Wizard of Oz) or limited rule-based architectures that are not feasible to apply in the daily lives of older adults. Consequently, we conducted a participatory design (co-design) study with 28 older adults, demonstrating a companion robot using a large language model (LLM), and design scenarios that represent situations from everyday life. The thematic analysis of the discussions around these scenarios shows that older adults expect a conversational companion robot to engage in conversation actively in isolation and passively in social settings, remember previous conversations and personalize, protect privacy and provide control over learned data, give information and daily reminders, foster social skills and connections, and express empathy and emotions. Based on these findings, this article provides actionable recommendations for designing conversational companion robots for older adults with foundation models, such as LLMs and vision-language models, which can also be applied to conversational robots in other domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1363713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T04:13:19Z","timestamp":1716783199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Recommendations for designing conversational companion robots with older adults through foundation models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bahar","family":"Irfan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Kuoppam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Skantze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.10.013","article-title":"Multi-feature, multi-modal, and multi-source social event detection: a comprehensive survey","volume":"79","author":"Afyouni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00001688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000168","article-title":"Predicting dementia from spontaneous speech using large language models","volume":"1","author":"Agbavor","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Digit. Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34584-5_9","article-title":"Furhat: a back-projected human-like robot head for multiparty human-machine interaction","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural systems","author":"Al Moubayed","year":"2012"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Facechat: an emotion-aware face-to-face dialogue framework\n            AlnuhaitD.\n            WuQ.\n            YuZ.\n          2023"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01008-x","article-title":"Effect of different listening behaviors of social robots on perceived trust in human-robot interactions","volume":"15","author":"Anzabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4018\/IJIIT.2021010102","article-title":"Finding \u201ch\u201d in hri: examining human personality traits, robotic anthropomorphism, and robot likeability in human-robot interaction","volume":"17","author":"Arora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Intelligent Inf. Technol. (IJIIT)"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"102","article-title":"Do you follow? a fully automated system for adaptive robot presenters","author":"Axelsson","year":"2023"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2007.11.007","article-title":"Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: use of robotic versus living dogs","volume":"9","author":"Banks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"8226","article-title":"HRI framework for continual learning in face recognition","author":"Belgiovine","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1108\/qaoa-03-2017-0008","article-title":"What do we know about the relationship between internet-mediated interaction and social isolation and loneliness in later life?","volume":"19","author":"Beneito-Montagut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Ageing Older Adults"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv034","article-title":"Breathing room in monitored space: the impact of passive monitoring technology on privacy in independent living","volume":"56","author":"Berridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106633","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1106633","article-title":"Companion robots to mitigate loneliness among older adults: perceptions of benefit and possible deception","volume":"14","author":"Berridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067867","article-title":"Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships","volume":"12","author":"Bickmore","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Pythia: a suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling\n            BidermanS.\n            SchoelkopfH.\n            AnthonyQ.\n            BradleyH.\n            O\u2019BrienK.\n            HallahanE.\n          2023"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models\n            BommasaniR.\n            HudsonD. A.\n            AdeliE.\n            AltmanR.\n            AroraS.\n            von ArxS.\n          2022"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machine unlearning\n            BourtouleL.\n            ChandrasekaranV.\n            Choquette-ChooC. A.\n            JiaH.\n            TraversA.\n            ZhangB.\n          2020","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00019"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2021.100544","article-title":"Design recommendations for socially assistive robots for health and social care based on a large scale analysis of stakeholder positions: social robot design recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Bradwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032468","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032468","article-title":"Companion robots for older people: importance of user-centred design demonstrated through observations and focus groups comparing preferences of older people and roboticists in south west england","volume":"9","author":"Bradwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"148","article-title":"Longitudinal diary data: six months real-world implementation of affordable companion robots for older people in supported living","author":"Bradwell","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.14283\/jarlife.2024.2","article-title":"Elliq, an ai-driven social robot to alleviate loneliness: progress and lessons learned","volume":"13","author":"Broadbent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jar. Life"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems vol. 33","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Unmasking AI: my mission to protect what is human in a world of machines","author":"Buolamwini","year":"2023"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Instruct-align: teaching novel languages with to LLMs through alignment-based cross-lingual instruction\n            CahyawijayaS.\n            LoveniaH.\n            YuT.\n            ChungW.\n            FungP.\n          2023"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring human-robot interaction with the elderly: results from a ten-week case study in a care home","author":"Carros","year":"2020"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"Open problems and fundamental limitations of reinforcement learning from human feedback\n            CasperS.\n            DaviesX.\n            ShiC.\n            GilbertT. K.\n            ScheurerJ.\n            RandoJ.\n          2023"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"227","article-title":"Studying socially assistive robots in their organizational context: studies with PARO in a nursing home","author":"Chang","year":"2015"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"When large language models meet personalization: perspectives of challenges and opportunities\n            ChenJ.\n            LiuZ.\n            HuangX.\n            WuC.\n            LiuQ.\n            JiangG."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43618","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977407","article-title":"Friend recommendation based on multi-social graph convolutional network","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"LLM-empowered chatbots for psychiatrist and patient simulation: application and evaluation\n            ChenS.\n            WuM.\n            ZhuK. Q.\n            LanK.\n            ZhangZ.\n            CuiL."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.sigdial-1.55","article-title":"Furchat: an embodied conversational agent using LLMs, combining open and closed-domain dialogue with facial expressions","author":"Cherakara","year":"2023"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3449178","article-title":"Dignity, autonomy, and style of company: dimensions older adults consider for robot companions","volume":"5","author":"Coghlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"141","article-title":"Effects of (in)accurate empathy and situational valence on attitudes towards robots","author":"Cramer","year":"2010"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000497801","article-title":"Incorporating conversational strategies in a social robot to interact with people with dementia","volume":"47","author":"Cruz-Sandoval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disord."},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Instructblip: towards general-purpose vision-language models with instruction tuning\n            DaiW.\n            LiJ.\n            LiD.\n            TiongA. M. H.\n            ZhaoJ.\n            WangW.\n          2023"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/3008665.3008674","article-title":"AI amusements: the tragic tale of Tay the chatbot","volume":"2","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"AI Matters"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.030","article-title":"Sharing a life with harvey: exploring the acceptance of and relationship-building with a social robot","volume":"43","author":"de Graaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2017.1312406","article-title":"Why would i use this in my home? a model of domestic social robot acceptance","volume":"34","author":"de Graaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929146","article-title":"A continual learning survey: defying forgetting in classification tasks","volume":"43","author":"Delange","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis Mach. Intell."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1561\/2300000056","article-title":"Embodiment in socially interactive robots","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Found. Trends\u00ae Robotics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.002","article-title":"Home robotic devices for older adults: opportunities and concerns","volume":"98","author":"Deutsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers)","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Build it break it fix it for dialogue safety: robustness from adversarial human attack\n            DinanE.\n            HumeauS.\n            ChintaguntaB.\n            WestonJ.\n          2019"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Baydnn: friend recommendation with bayesian personalized ranking deep neural network","author":"Ding","year":"2017"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"392","article-title":"How \u201copen\u201d are the conversations with open-domain chatbots? a proposal for speech event based evaluation","author":"Do\u011fru\u00f6z","year":"2021"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Lambo: large language model empowered edge intelligence\n            DongL.\n            JiangF.\n            PengY.\n            WangK.\n            YangK.\n            PanC."},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Unified Language model pre-training for natural language understanding and generation","author":"Dong","year":"2019"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"A survey on in-context learning\n            DongQ.\n            LiL.\n            DaiD.\n            ZhengC.\n            WuZ.\n            ChangB."},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Palm-e: an embodied multimodal language model\n            DriessD.\n            XiaF.\n            SajjadiM. S. M.\n            LynchC.\n            ChowdheryA.\n            IchterB.\n          2023"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00678-1","article-title":"\u201cTHIS ISN\u2019T ME!\u201d: the role of age-related self- and user images for robot acceptance by elders","volume":"13","author":"Dudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199058","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1199058","article-title":"Chatgpt outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations","volume":"14","author":"Elyoseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30761-2","article-title":"Towards artificial general intelligence via a multimodal foundation model","volume":"13","author":"Fei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Foundation models in robotics: applications, challenges, and the future\n            FirooziR.\n            TuckerJ.\n            TianS.\n            MajumdarA.\n            SunJ.\n            LiuW.\n          2023"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"29","article-title":"Emotion expression in HRI \u2013 when and why","author":"Fischer","year":"2019"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0225-8","article-title":"Review: seven matters of concern of social robots and older people","volume":"6","author":"Frennert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.s282709","article-title":"Friends from the future: a scoping review of research into robots and computer agents to combat loneliness in older people","volume":"16","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"What should i ask: a knowledge-driven approach for follow-up questions generation in conversational surveys\n            GeY.\n            XiaoZ.\n            DiesnerJ.\n            JiH.\n            KarahaliosK.\n            SundaramH.\n          2022"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85616-8_4","article-title":"Social companion robots to reduce isolation: a perception change due to covid-19","volume-title":"Human-computer interaction \u2013 interact 2021","author":"Ghafurian","year":"2021"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5057\/ijae.13.149","article-title":"Cultural differences in perception and attitude towards robots","volume":"13","author":"Haring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Affect. Eng."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","article-title":"Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: the Almere model","volume":"2","author":"Heerink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"113","article-title":"Enjoyment, intention to use and actual use of a conversational robot by elderly people","author":"Heerink","year":"2008"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.2974688","article-title":"A multimodal emotional human\u2013robot interaction architecture for social robots engaged in bidirectional communication","volume":"51","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3383123","article-title":"Challenges in building intelligent open-domain dialog systems","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-017-1081-x","article-title":"Tools and approaches for topic detection from twitter streams: survey","volume":"54","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676814","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.676814","article-title":"Coffee with a hint of data: towards using data-driven approaches in personalised long-term interactions","volume":"8","author":"Irfan","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Robotics AI"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2884789\/v1","article-title":"Between reality and delusion: challenges of applying large language models to companion robots for open-domain dialogues with older adults","author":"Irfan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aut. Robots"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423881","article-title":"Dynamic emotional language adaptation in multiparty interactions with agents","author":"Irfan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3477963","article-title":"Multi-modal open world user identification","volume":"11","author":"Irfan","year":"","journal-title":"Trans. Human-Robot Interact."},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"Knowledge unlearning for mitigating privacy risks in language models\n            JangJ.\n            YoonD.\n            YangS.\n            ChaS.\n            LeeM.\n            LogeswaranL.\n          2022"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"821","article-title":"\u201ccool glasses, where did you get them?\u201d generating visually grounded conversation starters for human-robot dialogue","author":"Janssens","year":"2022"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","article-title":"Survey of hallucination in natural language generation","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"139","volume-title":"10 security and privacy problems in large foundation models","author":"Jia","year":"2023"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Mistral 7b\n            JiangA. Q.\n            SablayrollesA.\n            MenschA.\n            BamfordC.\n            ChaplotD. S.\n            de las CasasD.\n          2023"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581503","article-title":"Understanding the benefits and challenges of deploying conversational ai leveraging large language models for public health intervention","author":"Jo","year":"2023"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47437-3_92","article-title":"Making turn-taking decisions for an active listening robot for memory training","volume-title":"Social robotics","author":"Johansson","year":"2016"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750736","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.750736","article-title":"Reducing loneliness among aging adults: the roles of personal voice assistants and anthropomorphic interactions","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"Learning from data in the mixed adversarial non-adversarial case: finding the helpers and ignoring the trolls\n            JuD.\n            XuJ.\n            BoureauY.-L.\n            WestonJ.\n          2022"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"Zet-speech: zero-shot adaptive emotion-controllable text-to-speech synthesis with diffusion and style-based models\n            KangM.\n            HanW.\n            HwangS. J.\n            YangE.\n          2023"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1145\/357417.357420","article-title":"An iterative design methodology for user-friendly natural language office information applications","volume":"2","author":"Kelley","year":"1984","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS)"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"82","article-title":"Child speech recognition in human-robot interaction: evaluations and recommendations","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"178","article-title":"Spill the tea: when robot conversation agents support well-being for older adults","author":"Khoo","year":"2023"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2544104","article-title":"Embodying care in matilda: an affective communication robot for emotional wellbeing of older people in australian residential care facilities","volume":"4","author":"Khosla","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Manage. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106914","article-title":"Exploring older adults\u2019 perception and use of smart speaker-based voice assistants: a longitudinal study","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Personalisation within bounds: a risk taxonomy and policy framework for the alignment of large language models with personalised feedback\n            KirkH. R.\n            VidgenB.\n            R\u00f6ttgerP.\n            HaleS. A.\n          2023"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research","author":"Krueger","year":"2014"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"310","article-title":"Building knowledge graph using pre-trained language model for learning entity-aware relationships","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155132","article-title":"Multi-sensor context-aware based chatbot model: an application of humanoid companion robot","volume":"21","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01055-4","article-title":"Designing multi-modal conversational agents for the kitchen with older adults: a participatory design study","volume":"15","author":"Kuoppam\u00e4ki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50252-2_22","article-title":"Digital mobile technology enhancing social connectedness among older adults in Sweden","volume-title":"Human aspects of IT for the aged population. Technologies, design and user experience","author":"Kuoppam\u00e4ki","year":"2020"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3463516","article-title":"Designing kitchen technologies for ageing in place: a video study of older adults\u2019 cooking at home","volume":"5","author":"Kuoppam\u00e4ki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.inlg-main.17","article-title":"Memories for virtual AI characters","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th international natural language generation conference","author":"Landwehr","year":"2023"},{"key":"B92","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Rethinking the design of robotic pets for older adults","author":"Lazar","year":"2016"},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"Voicebox: text-guided multilingual universal speech generation at scale\n            LeM.\n            VyasA.\n            ShiB.\n            KarrerB.\n            SariL.\n            MoritzR.\n          2023"},{"key":"B94","first-page":"244","article-title":"Steps toward participatory design of social robots: mutual learning with older adults with depression","author":"Lee","year":"2017"},{"key":"B95","volume-title":"\u201cFeels like I\u2019ve known you forever\u201d: empathy and self-awareness in human open-domain dialogs","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Developing social robots with empathetic non-verbal cues using large language models","author":"Lee","year":"2023"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"Prompttts 2: describing and generating voices with text prompt\n            LengY.\n            GuoZ.\n            ShenK.\n            TanX.\n            JuZ.\n            LiuY.\n          2023"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Multimodal foundation models: from specialists to general-purpose assistants\n            LiC.\n            GanZ.\n            YangZ.\n            YangJ.\n            LiL.\n            WangL."},{"key":"B99","unstructured":"Videochat: chat-centric video understanding\n            LiK.\n            HeY.\n            WangY.\n            LiY.\n            WangW.\n            LuoP."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2020.2981446","article-title":"Deep facial expression recognition: a survey","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2021.3115228","article-title":"Conversational affective social robots for ageing and dementia support","volume":"14","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cognitive Dev. Syst."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60128-7_7","article-title":"Design guidelines of social-assisted robots for the elderly: a mixed method systematic literature review","volume-title":"HCI international 2020 \u2013 late breaking papers: cognition, learning and games","author":"Lin","year":"2020"},{"key":"B103","unstructured":"Visual instruction tuning\n            LiuH.\n            LiC.\n            WuQ.\n            LeeY. J.\n          2023"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102771","article-title":"\u201cI felt her company\u201d: a qualitative study on factors affecting closeness and emotional support seeking with an embodied conversational agent","volume":"160","author":"Loveys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Human-Computer Stud."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00680-7","article-title":"The effect of design features on relationship quality with embodied conversational agents: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Loveys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B106","unstructured":"An empirical study of catastrophic forgetting in large language models during continual fine-tuning\n            LuoY.\n            YangZ.\n            MengF.\n            LiY.\n            ZhouJ.\n            ZhangY.\n          2023"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Understanding the benefits and challenges of using Large Language model-based conversational agents for mental well-being support","volume":"2023","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMIA Annu. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"B108","unstructured":"Video-chatgpt: towards detailed video understanding via large vision and language models\n            MaazM.\n            RasheedH.\n            KhanS.\n            KhanF. S.\n          2023"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1040.0032","article-title":"Internet users\u2019 information privacy concerns (iuipc): the construct, the scale, and a causal model","volume":"15","author":"Malhotra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024532","article-title":"Decoding of inconsistent communications","volume":"6","author":"Mehrabian","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08729-0_26","article-title":"Review on context classification in robotics","volume-title":"Rough sets and intelligent systems paradigms","author":"Miranda","year":"2014"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05881-4","article-title":"Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence","volume":"616","author":"Moor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407517749045","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation of older adults: why it is important to examine these social aspects together","volume":"36","author":"Newall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soc. Personal Relat."},{"key":"B114","unstructured":"Amplifying limitations, harms and risks of large language models\n            O\u2019NeillM.\n            ConnorM.\n          2023"},{"key":"B115","unstructured":"Gpt-4 technical report\n            AchiamJ.\n            AdlerS.\n            AgarwalS.\n            AhmadL.\n            AkkayaI.\n          2023"},{"key":"B116","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Long-term co-design guidelines: empowering older adults as co-designers of social robots","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2021"},{"key":"B117","first-page":"33","article-title":"Mixed-method long-term robot usage: older adults\u2019 lived experience of social robots","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2022"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback\n            OuyangL.\n            WuJ.\n            JiangX.\n            AlmeidaD.\n            WainwrightC. L.\n            MishkinP.\n          2022"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2912150","article-title":"Empathy in virtual agents and robots: a survey","volume":"7","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.01.012","article-title":"Continual lifelong learning with neural networks: a review","volume":"113","author":"Parisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"The refinedweb dataset for falcon LLM: outperforming curated corpora with web data, and web data only\n            PenedoG.\n            MalarticQ.\n            HesslowD.\n            CojocaruR.\n            CappelliA.\n            AlobeidliH.\n          2023"},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"Check your facts and try again: improving large language models with external knowledge and automated feedback\n            PengB.\n            GalleyM.\n            HeP.\n            ChengH.\n            XieY.\n            HuY.\n          2023"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00141","article-title":"\u201care we ready for robots that care for us?\u201d attitudes and opinions of older adults toward socially assistive robots","volume":"7","author":"Pino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny046","article-title":"The effectiveness of social robots for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"59","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B125","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th international conference on machine learning (PMLR), vol. 139 of proceedings of machine learning research","author":"Radford","year":"2021"},{"key":"B126","first-page":"8821","article-title":"Zero-shot text-to-image generation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th international conference on machine learning (PMLR), vol. 139 of proceedings of machine learning research","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021"},{"key":"B127","unstructured":"Gemini 1.5: unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context\n            ReidM.\n            SavinovN.\n            TeplyashinD.\n            DeanJ.\n            VinyalsO.\n          2024"},{"key":"B128","first-page":"61","article-title":"Addressing loneliness and isolation in older adults: proactive affective agents provide better support","author":"Ring","year":"2013"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205566832211013","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683221101389","article-title":"An analysis of design recommendations for socially assistive robot helpers for effective human-robot interactions in senior care","volume":"9","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabilitation Assistive Technol. Eng."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.007","article-title":"The psychosocial effects of a companion robot: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6601_2","article-title":"UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure","volume":"66","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Personality Assess."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0066-7","article-title":"Robots in society, society in robots","volume":"2","author":"\u0160abanovi\u0107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B133","first-page":"199","article-title":"Listener agent for elderly people with dementia","author":"Sakai","year":"2012"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2021.02.010","article-title":"Improving asynchronous interview interaction with follow-up question generation","volume":"6","author":"S B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Multimedia Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00434","article-title":"Self-diagnosis and self-debiasing: a proposal for reducing corpus-based bias in NLP","volume":"9","author":"Schick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguistics"},{"key":"B136","first-page":"6107","article-title":"Fine-tuned language models are continual learners","author":"Scialom","year":"2022"},{"key":"B137","unstructured":"Large language models empowered autonomous edge ai for connected intelligence\n            ShenY.\n            ShaoJ.\n            ZhangX.\n            LinZ.\n            PanH.\n            LiD.\n          2023"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"2659","article-title":"Why so toxic? measuring and triggering toxic behavior in open-domain chatbots","author":"Si","year":"2022"},{"key":"B139","unstructured":"Supervised prototypical contrastive learning for emotion recognition in conversation\n            SongX.\n            HuangL.\n            XueH.\n            HuS.\n          2022"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00914-w","article-title":"What do older adults want from social robots? a qualitative research approach to human-robot interaction (hri) studies","volume":"15","author":"S\u00f8raa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robotics"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08338-4_68","article-title":"An architecture for telenoid robot as empathic conversational android companion for elderly people","volume-title":"Intelligent autonomous systems 13","author":"Sorbello","year":"2016"},{"key":"B142","unstructured":"Large language models (LLMs) and empathy \u2013 a systematic review\n            SorinV.\n            BrinD.\n            BarashY.\n            KonenE.\n            CharneyA.\n            NadkarniG.\n          2023"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8890(95)00004-y","article-title":"Lifelong robot learning","volume":"15","author":"Thrun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Robotics Aut. Syst."},{"key":"B144","first-page":"294","article-title":"A wizard of Oz approach to robotic therapy for older adults with depressive symptoms","author":"Thunberg","year":"2021"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90525-5_41","article-title":"Social robots in care homes for older adults","volume-title":"Social robotics","author":"Thunberg","year":"2021"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249030","article-title":"A dynamic goal adapted task oriented dialogue agent","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B147","unstructured":"Llama 2: open foundation and fine-tuned chat models\n            TouvronH.\n            MartinL.\n            StoneK.\n            AlbertP.\n            AlmahairiA.\n            BabaeiY.\n          2023"},{"key":"B148","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cAlexa is a toy\u201d: exploring older adults\u2019 reasons for using, limiting, and abandoning echo","author":"Trajkova","year":"2020"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-018-0487-9","article-title":"Eliciting tacit knowledge: the potential of a reflective approach to video-stimulated interviewing","volume":"7","author":"Van Braak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Educ."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.08.014","article-title":"The use of care robots in aged care: a systematic review of argument-based ethics literature","volume":"74","author":"Vandemeulebroucke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives Gerontology Geriatrics"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-016-0238-8","article-title":"Meta-analyses of the intra- and interpersonal outcomes of interpersonal coordination","volume":"40","author":"Vicaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40231-1","article-title":"A survey on large language model based autonomous agents","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B153","unstructured":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models\n            WeiJ.\n            WangX.\n            SchuurmansD.\n            BosmaM.\n            IchterB.\n            XiaF.\n          2023"},{"key":"B154","unstructured":"Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models\n            WeidingerL.\n            MellorJ.\n            RauhM.\n            GriffinC.\n            UesatoJ.\n            HuangP.-S.\n          2021"},{"key":"B155","first-page":"214","article-title":"Taxonomy of risks posed by language models","author":"Weidinger","year":"2022"},{"key":"B156","unstructured":"Robot learning in the era of foundation models: a survey\n            XiaoX.\n            LiuJ.\n            WangZ.\n            ZhouY.\n            QiY.\n            ChengQ.\n          2023"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.356","article-title":"Beyond goldfish memory: long-term open-domain conversation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: long papers)","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B158","unstructured":"Privacy-preserving machine learning: methods, challenges and directions\n            XuR.\n            BaracaldoN.\n            JoshiJ.\n          2021"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2002.p0054","article-title":"A spoken dialogue robot, named wonder, to aid senior citizens who living alone with communication","volume":"14","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Robotics Mechatronics"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2023.2244554","article-title":"Building a hospitable and reliable dialogue system for android robots: a scenario-based approach with large language models","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3327924","article-title":"Clip-driven fine-grained text-image person re-identification","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"B162","unstructured":"Towards general purpose medical ai: continual learning medical foundation model\n            YiH.\n            QinZ.\n            LaoQ.\n            XuW.\n            JiangZ.\n            WangD.\n          2023"},{"key":"B163","volume-title":"Defending against neural fake news","author":"Zellers","year":"2019"},{"key":"B164","unstructured":"Right to be forgotten in the era of large language models: implications, challenges, and solutions\n            ZhangD.\n            Finckenberg-BromanP.\n            HoangT.\n            PanS.\n            XingZ.\n            StaplesM.\n          2023"},{"key":"B165","first-page":"259","article-title":"Pretrain-KGE: learning knowledge representation from pretrained language models","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"B166","unstructured":"Explainability for large language models: a survey\n            ZhaoH.\n            ChenH.\n            YangF.\n            LiuN.\n            DengH.\n            CaiH."},{"key":"B167","unstructured":"A survey of large language models\n            ZhaoW. X.\n            ZhouK.\n            LiJ.\n            TangT.\n            WangX.\n            HouY."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2021.11.006","article-title":"Emotional voice conversion: theory, databases and esd","volume":"137","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"B169","unstructured":"Minigpt-4: enhancing vision-language understanding with advanced large language models\n            ZhuD.\n            ChenJ.\n            ShenX.\n            LiX.\n            ElhoseinyM.\n          2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Robotics and AI"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1363713\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T04:13:40Z","timestamp":1716783220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1363713\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"references-count":169,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frobt.2024.1363713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1363713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"article-number":"1363713"}}