{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:48:03Z","timestamp":1775486883457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective weed management is a significant challenge in agronomic crops which necessitates innovative solutions to reduce negative environmental impacts and minimize crop damage. Traditional methods often rely on indiscriminate herbicide application, which lacks precision and sustainability. To address this critical need, this study demonstrated an AI-enabled robotic system, Weeding robot, designed for targeted weed management. Palmer amaranth (<jats:italic>Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson<\/jats:italic>) was selected as it is the most troublesome weed in Nebraska. We developed the full stack (vision, hardware, software, robotic platform, and AI model) for precision spraying using YOLOv7, a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning technique. The Weeding robot achieved an average of 60.4% precision and 62% recall in real-time weed identification and spot spraying with the developed gantry-based sprayer system. The Weeding robot successfully identified Palmer amaranth across diverse growth stages in controlled outdoor conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of AI-enabled robotic systems for targeted weed management, offering a more precise and sustainable alternative to traditional herbicide application methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1441371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1728879030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Targeted weed management of Palmer amaranth using robotics and deep learning (YOLOv7)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amlan","family":"Balabantaray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaswati","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"CheeTown","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nipuna","family":"Chamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amit J.","family":"Jhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Pitla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Light-activated sensor sprayer for reduced herbicide use in No-till fallow","volume-title":"2008 dryland agricultural research annual report","author":"Ball","year":"2008"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"YOLOv7: a powerful object detection algorithm (2024 guide)\n          \n          \n            \n              Boesch\n              G.\n            \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wre.12626","article-title":"Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson reproduction system: implications for distribution and management strategies","author":"Borgato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Weed Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20749","article-title":"Near-term challenges for global agriculture: herbicide-resistant weeds","volume":"113","author":"Clay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"The amiga\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Amiga ROS bridge\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1017\/wet.2020.76","article-title":"Weed-sensing technology modifies fallow control of rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)","volume":"34","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weed Technol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.104954","article-title":"Economic growth, convergence, and world food demand and supply","volume":"132","author":"Fukase","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122725","article-title":"Herbicide efficacy of spot spraying systems in fallow and postharvest in the pacific northwest dryland wheat production region","volume":"10","author":"Genna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5797-8_196","article-title":"Agroecological basis for managing biotic constraints","volume-title":"Sustainable food production","author":"Ghersa","year":"2013"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"About gRPC\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1614\/WS-09-074.1","article-title":"Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from a natural seed bank","volume":"57","author":"Jha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1614\/0043-1745(2001)049[0202:iopaic]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Interference of palmer amaranth in corn","volume":"49","author":"Massinga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140265","article-title":"An efficient real-time weed detection technique using YOLOv7","volume":"14","author":"Narayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. IJACSA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859605005708","article-title":"Crop losses to pests","volume":"144","author":"Oerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.048","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a low-cost and smart technology for precision weed management utilizing artificial intelligence","volume":"157","author":"Partel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101331","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a machine vision and deep learning-based smart sprayer system for site-specific weed management in row crops: an edge computing approach","volume":"18","author":"Upadhyay","year":"","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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Agric."},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"U.S. Department of agriculture - natural resources conservation service","year":"2017"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"2020 survey of the most common and troublesome weeds in grass crops, pasture and turf in the United States and Canada","author":"Van Wychen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"2022 Survey of the most common and troublesome weeds in broadleaf crops, fruits and vegetables in the United States and Canada","author":"Van Wychen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"YOLOv7: trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectors","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1614\/wt-d-12-00113.1","article-title":"Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): a review","volume":"27","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Weed Technol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1614\/wt-07-096.1","article-title":"Postharvest control of Russian thistle (salsola tragus) with a reduced herbicide applicator in the pacific northwest","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weed Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Robotics and AI"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1441371\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:10:36Z","timestamp":1728879036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1441371\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frobt.2024.1441371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2024.1441371","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"article-number":"1441371"}}