{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:12:38Z","timestamp":1780384358826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soft robots have been increasingly utilized as sophisticated tools in physical rehabilitation, particularly for assisting patients with neuromotor impairments. However, many soft robotics for rehabilitation applications are characterized by limitations such as slow response times, restricted range of motion, and low output force. There are also limited studies on the precise position and force control of wearable soft actuators. Furthermore, not many studies articulate how bellow-structured actuator designs quantitatively contribute to the robots\u2019 capability. This study introduces a paradigm of upper limb soft actuator design. This paradigm comprises two actuators: the Lobster-Inspired Silicone Pneumatic Robot (LISPER) for the elbow and the Scallop-Shaped Pneumatic Robot (SCASPER) for the shoulder. LISPER is characterized by higher bandwidth, increased output force\/torque, and high linearity. SCASPER is characterized by high output force\/torque and simplified fabrication processes. Comprehensive analytical models that describe the relationship between pressure, bending angles, and output force for both actuators were presented so the geometric configuration of the actuators can be set to modify the range of motion and output forces. The preliminary test on a dummy arm is conducted to test the capability of the actuators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1451231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T04:10:20Z","timestamp":1729051820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Novel bio-inspired soft actuators for upper-limb exoskeletons: design, fabrication and feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Naquila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Hingwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Eversive pneumatic artificial muscle","author":"Abrar","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0155","article-title":"Novel accordion-inspired foldable pneumatic actuators for knee assistive devices","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/lra.2019.2890853","article-title":"On the development of adaptive, tendon-driven, wearable exo-gloves for grasping capabilities enhancement","volume":"4","author":"Gerez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics Automation Lett."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2017.0125","article-title":"Robotic glove with soft-elastic composite actuators for assisting activities of daily living","volume":"6","author":"Heung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75346-5","article-title":"A variable structure pneumatic soft robot","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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