{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:40:50Z","timestamp":1784004050271,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted the need for efficient diagnostic methods to assess the state of health (SoH) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at the end of their life cycle. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) offers a non-invasive technique for determining battery degradation. However, automating this process in industrial settings remains a challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This study proposes a robotic framework for automating EIS testing using a KUKA KR20 robot arm mounted on a 5 m rail track, equipped with a force\/torque sensor and a custom-designed End-of-Arm Potentiostat (EOAT). The system operates in a shared-control mode, enabling the robot to function both autonomously and semi-autonomously, with the option for human intervention to assume control as needed. An admittance controller ensures stable connections, with forces optimized for accuracy and safety. The EOAT\u2019s mechanical strength was validated through finite element analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Experimental validation demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed robotized framework in identifying varying levels of battery degradation. Internal resistance measurements reached up to 1.5 m<\/mml:mtext>\u03a9<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> in the most degraded cells, correlating with significant capacity reductions. The robotic setup achieved consistent and reliable EIS testing across multiple LIB modules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>This automated robotic framework enhances battery diagnostics by improving testing accuracy, reducing human intervention, and minimizing safety risks. The proposed approach shows promise for scaling EIS testing in industrial environments, contributing to efficient EV battery reuse and recycling processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1493869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T05:12:39Z","timestamp":1736485959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advanced robotics for automated EV battery testing using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rastegarpanah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar Alan","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ahmeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Eesa","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Villagrossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustam","family":"Stolkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/Humanoids57100.2023.10375212","article-title":"Integrating multi-demonstration knowledge and bounded workspaces for efficient deep reinforcement learning","volume-title":"2023 IEEE-RAS 22nd international conference on humanoid robots (humanoids)","author":"Aflakian","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Battery dynamics exploration: insights and implications of relaxation time in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","author":"Azizighalehsari","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.10.017","article-title":"A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: the issues, strategies, and testing standards","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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