{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:10:12Z","timestamp":1773400212329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of autonomous aerial robots capable of safely navigating complex real-world environments without or with little human intervention represents a major milestone in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). While rapid advances in AI-enabled decision-making, sensing, and control systems are unlocking new capabilities for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their translation into safe and scalable real-life applications remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, we examine key AI technologies relevant to aerial autonomy and discuss early application scenarios in unmanned aviation and airspace management, with a focus on their assurance-relevant properties. We analyze regulatory obstacles that limit deployment, particularly for AI-enabled and beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, and highlight why traditional risk assessment and certification approaches are need to be updated to account for adaptive, data-driven systems. Building on this analysis, we argue that testing infrastructure must be understood as a core scientific instrument, enabling systematic evidence generation under realistic and safety-critical conditions, validating autonomous functions, ensuring safety, and building trust among regulators and the public. As a concrete example, we introduce LINA, a scientifically-grounded, integrated experimentation and validation platform in Switzerland designed to support iterative, regulator-aware development of autonomous systems across technology readiness levels. We highlight how LINA function as sandbox for system-level science, regulatory learning, and trust building, thereby enabling the responsible and societally acceptable integration of autonomous aerial systems and strengthening Switzerland\u2019s role in advancing aerial robotics research and innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2026.1764248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:12:06Z","timestamp":1773393126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LINA\u2019s testing infrastructure enables AI to take-off in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hella A.","family":"Bolck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janik","family":"Vollenweider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","place":["Olten, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Merkli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aviation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Barden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Perception Group, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jajcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aviation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Trempeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matternet Operations GmbH","place":["D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u0161ko","family":"Rafailovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skyguide, Swiss Air Navigation Services Ltd","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Fraefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skyguide, Swiss Air Navigation Services Ltd","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Lenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aviation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Chavarriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Renold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","place":["Olten, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Bogojeska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Stadelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]},{"name":"European Centre for Living Technology","place":["Venice, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aviation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences","place":["Winterthur, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1609\/hcomp.v9i1.18936","article-title":"Explaining autonomous decisions in swarms of human-on-the-loop small unmanned aerial systems","volume":"9","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. 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