{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:09:48Z","timestamp":1772521788661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Robot. AI"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly reshaping hospitality by automating frontline and back-of-house processes, augmenting service encounters, and expanding the analytical scope of revenue management. Yet, existing research remains fragmented: service-robot studies largely emphasize adoption and human\u2013robot interaction, while revenue-management research prioritizes pricing and distribution, sustainability research focuses on environmental practices, and hotel real-estate scholarship foregrounds governance and asset value. Meanwhile, blockchain technologies\u2014through distributed ledgers, smart contracts, digital identity, and tokenization\u2014offer a complementary trust and value-transfer layer that can address coordination and verification problems across hotel ecosystems (e.g., data sharing, sustainability claims, and owner\u2013operator contracting).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on an integrative literature synthesis, this conceptual article develops an integrative framework linking AI\u2013robotics and blockchain capabilities to three interdependent hotel decision domains: (1) revenue management (demand forecasting, dynamic\/open pricing, channel and loyalty optimization), (2) sustainability and operations (resource optimization, waste circularity, predictive maintenance), and (3) real estate and hotel asset management (digital twins, CapEx planning, valuation and risk analytics, and tokenized financing).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A conceptual model is proposed in which AI\u2013robotics and blockchain jointly build digital operational and market-intelligence capabilities that improve financial performance (RevPAR\/GOPPAR and net operating income), sustainability performance (carbon and resource intensity), and long-term asset value. Ten propositions articulate mechanisms and boundary conditions related to governance, ethics, privacy, cybersecurity, organizational readiness, regulation, and market context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The article concludes with implications for hotel managers, owners, investors, and researchers, and outlines a future research agenda for hospitality, tourism, service management, and real-estate scholars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2026.1779342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:48:32Z","timestamp":1772520512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robots, ledgers, and RevPAR: a blockchain-enabled AI\u2013robotics conceptual model for sustainable hotel revenue and asset management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leonard A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leven School of Management Entrepreneurship and Hospitality, Kennesaw State University","place":["Kennesaw, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.03.017","article-title":"Consumer perception of price fairness and dynamic pricing: evidence from booking.com","volume":"145","author":"Alderighi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2019.1672666","article-title":"Service robot implementation: a theoretical framework and research agenda","volume":"40","author":"Belanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Serv. Industries J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00432-5","article-title":"Frontline robots in tourism and hospitality: service enhancement or cost reduction?","volume":"31","author":"Belanche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2013.03.010","article-title":"Sustainable hotel practices and nationality: the impact on guest satisfaction and guest intention to return","volume":"34","author":"Berezan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2005.06.006","article-title":"Environmental awareness and initiatives in the Swedish and Polish hotel Industries\u2014survey results","volume":"25","author":"Bohdanowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2010.549566","article-title":"International hotel chains and environmental protection: an analysis of Hilton\u2019s we care! programme (Europe, 2006\u20132008)","volume":"19","author":"Bohdanowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.11.011","article-title":"Smart hospitality\u2014Interconnectivity and interoperability towards an ecosystem","volume":"71","author":"Buhalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2022-0497","article-title":"Smart hospitality: from smart cities and smart tourism towards agile business ecosystems in networked destinations","volume":"35","author":"Buhalis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190623","article-title":"Artificial intelligence, algorithmic pricing, and collusion","volume":"110","author":"Calvano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965508328716","article-title":"Revenue management\u2019s renaissance: a rebirth of the art and science of profitable revenue generation","volume":"50","author":"Cross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornell Hosp. Q."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3076","article-title":"A systematic and major review of proactive environmental strategies in hospitality and tourism: looking back for moving forward","volume":"31","author":"Elkhwesky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0196-8","article-title":"Smart tourism: foundations and developments","volume":"25","author":"Gretzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1108\/JHTT-08-2018-0087","article-title":"Progress on robotics in hospitality and tourism: a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Ivanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Technol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-8804(92)90058-D","article-title":"Yield management: putting people in the big picture","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cornell Hotel Restaurant Adm. Q."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/001088048903000309","article-title":"The basics of yield management","volume":"30","author":"Kimes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cornell Hotel Restaurant Adm. Q."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2018.1513460","article-title":"Is blockchain technology a watershed for tourism development?","volume":"22","author":"Kwok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.04.006","article-title":"RevPAR vs. GOPPAR: property- and firm-level analysis","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2019.01.005","article-title":"Developing and validating a service robot integration willingness scale","volume":"80","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2021-0301","article-title":"Big data and analytics in hospitality and tourism: a systematic literature review","volume":"34","author":"Mariani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2008.09.004","article-title":"Hotel revenue management and the internet: the effect of price presentation strategies on customers\u2019 willingness to book","volume":"28","author":"Noone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.03.005","article-title":"Blockchain and tourism: three research propositions","volume":"72","author":"\u00d6nder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102888","article-title":"Multifaceted trust in tourism service robots","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/10946705221107704","article-title":"How smart should a service robot be?","volume":"25","author":"Schepers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965512458351","article-title":"Evolution of hotel asset management: the historical context and current profile of the profession","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornell Hosp. Q."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2022.103184","article-title":"The wheel of dynamic pricing: towards open pricing and one-to-one pricing in hotel revenue management","volume":"102","author":"Tal\u00f3n-Ballestero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-06-2017-0322","article-title":"Exploring customer experiences with robotics in hospitality","volume":"30","author":"Tung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102886","article-title":"Do travelers trust intelligent service robots?","volume":"81","author":"Tussyadiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-04-2018-0119","article-title":"Brave new world: service robots in the frontline","volume":"29","author":"Wirtz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2014.10.013","article-title":"What can big data and text analytics tell Us about hotel guest experience and satisfaction?","volume":"44","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Robotics and AI"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2026.1779342\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:48:33Z","timestamp":1772520513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frobt.2026.1779342\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frobt.2026.1779342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2026.1779342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"article-number":"1779342"}}