{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:19:37Z","timestamp":1756462777671,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16SV8219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16SV8219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality applications employing avatar embodiment typically use virtual mirrors to allow users to perceive their digital selves not only from a first-person but also from a holistic third-person perspective. However, due to distance-related biases such as the distance compression effect or a reduced relative rendering resolution, the self-observation distance (SOD) between the user and the virtual mirror might influence how users perceive their embodied avatar. Our article systematically investigates the effects of a short (1\u00a0m), middle (2.5\u00a0m), and far (4\u00a0m) SOD between users and mirror on the perception of their personalized and self-embodied avatars. The avatars were photorealistic reconstructed using state-of-the-art photogrammetric methods. Thirty participants repeatedly faced their real-time animated self-embodied avatars in each of the three SOD conditions, where they were repeatedly altered in their body weight, and participants rated the 1) sense of embodiment, 2) body weight perception, and 3) affective appraisal towards their avatar. We found that the different SODs are unlikely to influence any of our measures except for the perceived body weight estimation difficulty. Here, the participants perceived the difficulty significantly higher for the farthest SOD. We further found that the participants\u2019 self-esteem significantly impacted their ability to modify their avatar\u2019s body weight to their current body weight and that it positively correlated with the perceived attractiveness of the avatar. Additionally, the participants\u2019 concerns about their body shape affected how eerie they perceived their avatars. The participants\u2019 self-esteem and concerns about their body shape influenced the perceived body weight estimation difficulty. We conclude that the virtual mirror in embodiment scenarios can be freely placed and varied at a distance of one to four meters from the user without expecting major effects on the perception of the avatar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.1031093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T07:28:42Z","timestamp":1671607722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Does distance matter? Embodiment and perception of personalized avatars in relation to the self-observation distance in virtual reality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"D\u00f6llinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Mal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Botsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc Erich","family":"Latoschik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Wienrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139154","article-title":"Fast generation of realistic virtual humans","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology","author":"Achenbach","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Metashape pro2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882311","article-title":"The space of human body shapes: Reconstruction and parameterization from range scans","volume":"22","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modern virtual reality headsets","author":"Angelov","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"35","article-title":"Inverse kinematics techniques in computer graphics: A survey","volume-title":"Computer graphics forum","author":"Aristidou","year":"2018"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Mental effort and evaluation of user-interfaces: A questionnaire approach","volume-title":"Proceedings of HCI international (the 8th international conference on human-computer interaction) on human-computer interaction: Ergonomics and user interfaces-volume I - volume I","author":"Arnold","year":"1999"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816958-2.00003-4","article-title":"Chapter 3 \u2013 avatar embodiment experiences to enhance mental health","volume-title":"Technology and health","author":"Aymerich-Franch","year":"2020"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"64","article-title":"Avatars","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of human-computer interaction","author":"Bailenson","year":"2004"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00041","article-title":"The effects of avatar and environment design on embodiment, presence, activation, and task load in a virtual reality exercise application","volume-title":"2022 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Bartl","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.694617","article-title":"Affordable but not cheap: A case study of the effects of two 3D-reconstruction methods of virtual humans","volume":"2","author":"Bartl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0263-z","article-title":"Selective visual attention towards oneself and associated state body satisfaction: An eye-tracking study in adolescents with different types of eating disorders","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00098","article-title":"On the usage of the simulator sickness questionnaire for virtual reality research","volume-title":"2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW)","author":"Bimberg","year":"2020"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00162-X","article-title":"Perceived distance, shape and size","volume":"39","author":"Brenner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3196885","article-title":"A comparison of distance estimation in HMD-based virtual environments with different HMD-based conditions","volume":"15","author":"Buck","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsm017","article-title":"Anthropomorphism influences perception of computer-animated characters\u2019 actions","volume":"2","author":"Chaminade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. cognitive Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198707)6:4(485:AID-EAT2260060405)3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.12.007","article-title":"View-dependent accuracy in body mass judgements of female bodies","volume":"24","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190109","article-title":"Characterizing first and third person viewpoints and their alternation for embodied interaction in virtual reality","volume":"12","author":"Debarba","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2015.7131728","article-title":"Characterizing embodied interaction in first and third person perspective viewpoints","volume-title":"2015 IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces (3DUI)","author":"Debarba","year":"2015"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20207","article-title":"Mirror exposure for the treatment of body image disturbance","volume":"39","author":"Delinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1","article-title":"ViTraS \u2013 Virtual reality therapy by stimulation of modulated body image \u2013 Project outline","volume-title":"Mensch und Computer 2019 \u2013 Workshopband","author":"D\u00f6llinger","year":"2019"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580918","volume-title":"Are embodied avatars harmful to our self-experience? The impact of virtual embodiment on body awareness","author":"D\u00f6llinger","year":"2023"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.935449","article-title":"Resize me! Exploring the user experience of embodied realistic modulatable avatars for body image intervention in virtual reality","volume":"3","author":"D\u00f6llinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"214","article-title":"Entwicklung und \u00fcberpr\u00fcfung einer skala zur erfassung subjektiv erlebter anstrengung","volume-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft","author":"Eilers","year":"1986"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4656","article-title":"The cognitive map in humans: Spatial navigation and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Epstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199304)13:3(315:AID-EAT2260130310)3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Body shape questionnaire: Derivation of shortened \u201calternate forms\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/brm.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. methods"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"284","article-title":"Messung des Selbstwertgef\u00fchls: Befunde zu Reliabilit\u00e4t, Validit\u00e4t und Stabilit\u00e4t der Rosenberg-Skala","volume":"42","author":"Ferring","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagnostica-Goettingen"},{"volume-title":"Appearing or behaving like me? Embodiment and personalization of virtual humans in virtual reality","year":"2023","author":"Fiedler","key":"B30"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061505","article-title":"Perceived size and distance in visual space","volume":"58","author":"Gilinsky","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"941","article-title":"Individual differences in embodied distance estimation in virtual reality","author":"Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2019"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00074","article-title":"Avatar embodiment. Towards a standardized questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2017.00033","article-title":"First- and third-person perspectives in immersive virtual environments: Presence and performance analysis of embodied users","volume":"4","author":"Gorisse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.08.006","article-title":"Mirror exposure therapy for body image disturbances and eating disorders: A review","volume":"65","author":"Griffen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Video-based measurement of system latency","volume-title":"International immersive projection technology workshop","author":"He","year":"2000"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"41","article-title":"Differences in the uncanny valley between head-mounted displays and monitors","author":"Hepperle","year":"2020"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02151-0","article-title":"Aspects of visual avatar appearance: Self-representation, display type, and uncanny valley","volume":"38","author":"Hepperle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194911","article-title":"Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images","volume":"66","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0380-9","article-title":"Measuring the uncanny valley effect","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"SPSS statistics2022"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.4.455","article-title":"Is this my hand I see before me? The rubber hand illusion in reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality","volume":"15","author":"Ijsselsteijn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence. (Camb)."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2021.p1004","article-title":"Virtual mirror and beyond: The psychological basis for avatar embodiment via a mirror","volume":"33","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.11.015","article-title":"Distorted body image influences body schema in individuals with negative bodily attitudes","volume":"122","author":"Irvine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v78.9050","article-title":"Body image perception, body shape concern and body shape dissatisfaction among undergraduates students","volume":"78","author":"Kamaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3165285","article-title":"Comparison of two methods for improving distance perception in virtual reality","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3196606","article-title":"Distance perception in virtual reality: A meta-analysis of the effect of head-mounted display characteristics","volume":"1","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.850471","article-title":"Distance perception in the oculus quest and oculus quest 2","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2450010108","article-title":"The importance of the individual in the \u201ccausal\u201d relationship between attractiveness and self-esteem","volume":"1","author":"Kenealy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.29","article-title":"Drumming in immersive virtual reality: The body shapes the way we play","volume":"19","author":"Kilteni","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00124","article-title":"The sense of embodiment in virtual reality","volume":"21","author":"Kilteni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presence. (Camb)."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.694433","article-title":"Congruence and plausibility, not presence: Pivotal conditions for XR experiences and effects, a novel approach","volume":"3","author":"Latoschik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/2077451.2077464","article-title":"The influence of eye height and avatars on egocentric distance estimates in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization","author":"Leyrer","year":"2011"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Limesurvey 42020"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"21","article-title":"Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments","volume-title":"Virtual and adaptive environments","author":"Loomis","year":"2003"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and illusion of virtual body ownership","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th international conference on artificial reality and telexistence and 20th eurographics symposium on virtual environments","author":"Lugrin","year":"2015"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247089","volume-title":"The impact of avatar and environment congruence on plausibility, embodiment, presence, and the proteus effect","author":"Mal","year":"2023"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010139","article-title":"Virtual body ownership illusions for mental health: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Matamala-Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.19.3.230","article-title":"The effect of viewing a self-avatar on distance judgments in an hmd-based virtual environment","volume":"19","author":"Mohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Presence. (Camb)."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002008","article-title":"Assessing body image in anorexia nervosa using biometric self-avatars in virtual reality: Attitudinal components rather than visual body size estimation are distorted","volume":"48","author":"M\u00f6lbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]","volume":"7","author":"Mori","year":"1970","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","article-title":"The uncanny valley [from the field]","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/2994258.2994269","article-title":"A robust method to extract the rotational part of deformations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on motion in games","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00031","article-title":"Which body would you like to have? The impact of embodied perspective on body perception and body evaluation in immersive virtual reality","volume":"7","author":"Neyret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204166951770820","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669517708205","article-title":"The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC Vive virtual reality system for scientific research","volume":"8","author":"Niehorster","year":"2017","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384925-0.00021-3","article-title":"Body image and self-esteem","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance","author":"O\u2019Dea","year":"2012"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1995.tb00591.x","article-title":"Self-esteem and physical attractiveness","volume":"7","author":"Patzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.575943","article-title":"Avatar embodiment. A standardized questionnaire","volume":"1","author":"Peck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.23.1.72","article-title":"Comparison of two indicators of perceived egocentric distance under full-cue and reduced-cue conditions","volume":"23","author":"Philbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2641568","article-title":"Can I recognize my body\u2019s weight? The influence of shape and texture on the perception of self","volume":"11","author":"Piryankova","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000064375","article-title":"Evaluation des Fragebogens zum Figurbewusstsein (FFB, Deutsche Version des Body Shape Questionnaire)","volume":"12","author":"Pook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2019.1623698","article-title":"Avatar characteristics induce users\u2019 behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: A meta-analysis of the proteus effect","volume":"23","author":"Ratan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543590","article-title":"The perception of egocentric distances in virtual environments \u2013 a review","volume":"46","author":"Renner","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1145\/1450579.1450614","article-title":"The effect of self-embodiment on distance perception in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology","author":"Ries","year":"2008"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ada406704","article-title":"Civilian American and European surface anthropometry resource (CEASAR)","author":"Robinette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.12.049","article-title":"Illusory self-identification with an avatar reduces arousal responses to painful stimuli","volume":"261","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"volume-title":"Society and the adolescent self-image","year":"2015","author":"Rosenberg","key":"B78"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3023603","article-title":"Construction of the virtual embodiment questionnaire (VEQ)","volume":"26","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.24.3.190","article-title":"Dimensionality and norms of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in a German general population sample","volume":"24","author":"Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"21","article-title":"Space perception","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance","author":"Sedgwick","year":"1986"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.029.2009","article-title":"Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body","volume":"3","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010564","article-title":"First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality","volume":"5","author":"Slater","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2014.00009","article-title":"How to build an embodiment lab: Achieving body representation illusions in virtual reality","volume":"1","author":"Spanlang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.015","article-title":"Feasibility of using a fully immersive virtual reality system for kinematic data collection","volume":"87","author":"Spitzley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Cybersickness is not simulator sickness","volume-title":"Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting","author":"Stanney","year":"1997"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3450379","article-title":"Ka-Boom!!! Visually exploring latency measurements for XR","volume-title":"Extended abstracts of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Stauffert","year":"2021"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of latency jitter on simulator sickness in a search task","author":"Stauffert","year":"2018"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.582204","article-title":"Latency and cybersickness: Impact, causes, and measures. A review","volume":"1","author":"Stauffert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1068\/p6437","article-title":"Big people, little world: The body influences size perception","volume":"38","author":"Stefanucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192152","article-title":"Body size estimation of self and others in females varying in BMI","volume":"13","author":"Thaler","year":"","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2018.00018","article-title":"Visual perception and evaluation of photo-realistic self-avatars from 3D body scans in males and females","volume":"5","author":"Thaler","year":"","journal-title":"Front. ICT"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3343036.3343134","article-title":"The influence of visual perspective on body size estimation in immersive virtual reality","volume-title":"ACM symposium on applied perception 2019","author":"Thaler","year":"2019"},{"volume-title":"The role of visual cues in body size estimation","year":"2019","author":"Thaler","key":"B94"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004040","article-title":"Looking for myself: Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition","volume":"3","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.657638","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in mental healthcare: Effects of full body illusions on body image disturbance","volume":"2","author":"Turbyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145886","article-title":"Selective visual attention during mirror exposure in anorexia and bulimia nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Tuschen-Caffier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Unity2019"},{"key":"B99","unstructured":"Index"},{"key":"B100","unstructured":"SteamVR"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093145","article-title":"An evaluation of motion trackers with virtual reality sensor technology in comparison to a marker-based motion capture system based on joint angles for ergonomic risk assessment","volume":"21","author":"Vox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794629","article-title":"The impact of avatar personalization and immersion on virtual body ownership, presence, and emotional response","volume":"24","author":"Waltemate","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B103","first-page":"27","article-title":"The impact of latency on perceptual judgments and motor performance in closed-loop interaction in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology","author":"Waltemate","year":"2016"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.627194","article-title":"Behavioral framework of immersive technologies (BehaveFIT): How and why virtual reality can support behavioral change processes","volume":"2","author":"Wienrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"690","article-title":"User-centered extension of a locomotion typology: Movement-related sensory feedback and spatial learning","author":"Wienrich","year":"2019"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"275","article-title":"Perceived egocentric distances in real, image-based, and traditional virtual environments","author":"Willemsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"583","article-title":"Body weight perception of females using photorealistic avatars in virtual and augmented reality","author":"Wolf","year":"2020"},{"key":"B108","first-page":"350","article-title":"Exploring presence, avatar embodiment, and body perception with a holographic augmented reality mirror","author":"Wolf","year":""},{"key":"B109","first-page":"489","article-title":"Plausibility and perception of personalized virtual humans between virtual and augmented reality","volume-title":"2022 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Wolf","year":""},{"key":"B110","first-page":"65","article-title":"The embodiment of photorealistic avatars influences female body weight perception in virtual reality","author":"Wolf","year":"2021"},{"volume-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","year":"2019","key":"B111"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x","article-title":"The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior","volume":"33","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"ZijlstraF. R. H. Delft, NetherlandsDelft UniversityEfficiency in work behaviour: A design approach for modern tools1993"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.1031093\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T10:11:31Z","timestamp":1701598291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.1031093\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2022.1031093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.1031093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-4192"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"article-number":"1031093"}}