{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:49:39Z","timestamp":1780627779531,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Public speaking is a fundamental task in many professional or personal situations. At the same time, there is widespread fear of it, and it takes practice to present well. Previous studies suggest that Virtual Reality Public Speaking Training (VRPST) offers a promising opportunity for this. However, studies evaluating objective and subjective indicators are lacking so far, and valid control conditions are missing in previous studies. We aimed to overcome these drawbacks. In our experiment, participants (N = 42) had the task of presenting a card game to a four-person audience using five provided PowerPoint slides within a time limit of 5\u00a0minutes. They prepared either using VRPST or using common self-directed preparation (control condition), being randomly assigned to a condition. Both groups were instructed to prepare for the task at home and given 30\u00a0min to learn the rules of the game and present them using the slides. The control group was given an additional 30\u00a0min to prepare individually for the presentation task at home. The experimental group received an additional 30-min VRPST session. This training session was done without specific feedback and the presentation was repeated three times. The quality of the rule explanation, the audience-assessed presentation quality, and the subjects\u2019 self-assessed presentation quality were measured. Our results indicate that the VRPST is effective. Subjects who completed the VRPST did a better job of explaining the rules and were better rated by the audience. In addition, the experimental subjects also tended to rate their presentation better in the VRPST condition. Further analyses of those participants who completed the VRPST show high technology acceptance. Our results show the VR training had a significant performance-enhancing effect and that participants would use the VRPST if it were available to them. It seems that practicing a presentation in VR is useful and even better than a conventional preparation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T22:00:57Z","timestamp":1694642457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Virtual reality public speaking training: effectiveness and user technology acceptance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abimanju","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/03634528909378740","article-title":"Meta-analysis of self-report data on the effectiveness of public speaking anxiety treatment techniques","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Commun. Educ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20090","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Depress. anxiety"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"177","article-title":"Code of Ethics of the world medical association: declaration of Helsinki","volume":"2","author":"Association","year":"1964","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146930","article-title":"The scientific research potential of virtual worlds","volume":"317","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107047","article-title":"Psychological benefits of using social virtual reality platforms during the covid-19 pandemic: the role of social and spatial presence","volume":"127","author":"Barreda-\u00c1ngeles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1302_01","article-title":"Target article: immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology","volume":"13","author":"Blascovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12484","article-title":"The added benefit of an extra practice session in virtual reality on the development of presentation skills: A randomized control trial","volume":"37","author":"Boetje","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. assisted Learn."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00869","article-title":"Studying social interactions through immersive virtual environment technology: virtues, pitfalls, and future challenges","volume":"6","author":"Bombari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","article-title":"Effects of different types of virtual reality display on presence and learning in a safety training scenario","volume":"24","author":"Buttussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2021.103453","article-title":"Intention to reuse AR-based apps: the combined role of the sense of immersion, product presence and perceived realism","volume":"58","author":"Daassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/803\/1\/012003","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual reality in reducing fear of public speaking: A systematic review","volume":"803","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012047","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1077\/1\/012047","article-title":"Usability assessment of virtual reality as a training tool for oral presentation","volume":"1077","author":"Daniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251562","article-title":"Locomotor illusions are generated by perceptual body-environment organization","volume":"16","author":"Dobricki","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-006-9012-x","article-title":"Oral communication skills in higher education: using a performance-based evaluation rubric to assess communication skills","volume":"31","author":"Dunbar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Innov. High. Educ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050163","article-title":"Social phobia in the general population: prevalence and sociodemographic profile","volume":"34","author":"Furmark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. PSYCHIATRY PSYCHIATRIC Epidemiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31644","DOI":"10.2196\/31644","article-title":"How, for whom, and in which contexts or conditions augmented and virtual reality training works in upskilling health care workers: realist synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR serious games"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.05.008","article-title":"Specific phobias","volume":"32","author":"Hamm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000137","article-title":"The spatial presence experience scale (SPES): A short self-report measure for diverse media settings","volume":"28","author":"Hartmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Media Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300014725","article-title":"Review of the relative efficacy of imaginal and in vivo flooding in the treatment of clinical fear","volume":"14","author":"James","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. cognitive psychotherapy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBIS.2014.063768","article-title":"Understanding the adoption and usage of mobile payment services by using TAM3","volume":"16","author":"Jaradat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070701346873","article-title":"Student conceptions of oral presentations","volume":"32","author":"Joughin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ. (Dorchester-on-Thames)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.01.003","article-title":"Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks","volume":"49","author":"Latu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.753019","article-title":"Social virtual reality (VR) involvement affects depression when social connectedness and self-esteem are low: A moderated mediation on well-being","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.043","article-title":"It\u2019s only a computer: virtual humans increase willingness to disclose","volume":"37","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020534025102","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia","volume":"32","author":"Overholser","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Contemp. psychotherapy"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Joomo","volume-title":"Eggenstein-leopoldshafen: 10 traders","author":"Palm","year":"2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00034","article-title":"Acceptance and effectiveness of a virtual reality public speaking training","author":"Palmas","year":"2019"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00070","article-title":"Virtual reality public speaking training: experimental evaluation of direct feedback technology acceptance","author":"Palmas","year":"2021"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.11591\/ijere.v4i4.4509","article-title":"Developing oral presentation competence in professional contexts: A design-based collaborative approach","volume":"4","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eval. Res. Educ."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1162\/105474602317343668","article-title":"An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience","volume":"11","author":"Pertaub","year":"2002","journal-title":"Presence teleoperators virtual Environ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2017.00013","article-title":"Virtual reality training for public speaking\u2014a QUEST-VR framework validation","volume":"4","author":"Poeschl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. ICT"},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"ViennaR Foundation for Statistical ComputingR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing2018"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001699","article-title":"Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"38","author":"Ruscio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Der Einfluss von presence, Immersion und fokussierter Aufmerksamkeit auf die Technologieakzeptanz in virtuellen realit\u00e4ten","author":"Scharfenberger","year":"2012"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21307","article-title":"The future of interpersonal skills development: immersive virtual reality training with virtual humans","volume":"29","author":"Schmid Mast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Q."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4101\/jvwr.v1i1.294","article-title":"Defining virtual worlds and virtual environments","volume":"1","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virtual Worlds Res."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"205","article-title":"Davis' technology acceptance model (TAM)(1989)","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Seek. Behav. Technol. Adopt. Theor. trends"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.5.553","article-title":"Analysis of physiological responses to a social situation in an immersive virtual environment","volume":"15","author":"Slater","year":"","journal-title":"Presence teleoperators virtual Environ."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.627","article-title":"An experimental study on fear of public speaking using a virtual environment","volume":"9","author":"Slater","year":"","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104384","article-title":"SpeakApp-Kids! Virtual reality training to reduce fear of public speaking in children \u2013 a proof of concept","volume":"178","author":"S\u00fclter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216288","article-title":"Public speaking anxiety decreases within repeated virtual reality training sessions","volume":"14","author":"Takac","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Online Survey Software: Surveys Made Easy With Unipark","year":"2021"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2022.910952","article-title":"Unguided virtual-reality training can enhance the oral presentation skills of high-school students","volume":"7","author":"Valls-Rat\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Commun."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12424","article-title":"The impact of computer-mediated immediate feedback on developing oral presentation skills: an exploratory study in virtual reality","volume":"36","author":"Van Ginkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. assisted Learn."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","article-title":"Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions","volume":"39","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1996.tb00860.x","article-title":"A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: development and test","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445509331926","article-title":"Virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy for public speaking anxiety: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Wallach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628298","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628298","article-title":"How to get there when you are there already? Defining presence in virtual reality and the importance of perceived realism","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01758","article-title":"Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias?-a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, and Social Phobia","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03000093","article-title":"Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition","volume":"3","author":"Wolpe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cond. reflex a Pavlovian J. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2015.7344570","article-title":"Automatic assessment and analysis of public speaking anxiety: A virtual audience case study","author":"Wortwein","year":"2015"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1109\/taffc.2020.3048299","article-title":"Exploring individual differences of public speaking anxiety in real-life and virtual presentations","volume":"13","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093988","article-title":"Virtual reality as a reflection technique for public speaking training","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242544\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T22:01:02Z","timestamp":1694642462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242544\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242544","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"article-number":"1242544"}}