{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1785250842683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research has shown that incorporating haptics into virtual environments can increase sensory fidelity and provide powerful and immersive experiences. However, current studies on haptics in virtual interactions primarily focus on one-on-one scenarios, while kinesthetic haptic interactions in large virtual gatherings are underexplored. This study aims to investigate the impact of kinesthetic haptics on eliciting emotional responses within crowded virtual reality (VR) scenarios. Specifically, we examine the influence of type or quality of the haptic feedback on the perception of positive and negative emotions. We designed and developed different combinations of tactile and torque feedback devices and evaluated their effects on emotional responses. To achieve this, we explored different combinations of haptic feedback devices, including \u201c<jats:italic>No Haptic<\/jats:italic>,\u201d \u201c<jats:italic>Tactile Stimulus<\/jats:italic>\u201d delivering tactile cues, and \u201c<jats:italic>Haptic Stimulus<\/jats:italic>\u201d delivering tactile and torque cues, in combination with two immersive 360-degree video crowd scenarios, namely, \u201c<jats:italic>Casual Crowd<\/jats:italic>\u201d and \u201c<jats:italic>Aggressive Crowd<\/jats:italic>.\u201d The results suggest that varying the type or quality of haptic feedback can evoke different emotional responses in crowded VR scenarios. Participants reported increased levels of nervousness with <jats:italic>Haptic Stimulus<\/jats:italic> in both virtual scenarios, while both <jats:italic>Tactile Stimulus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haptic Stimulus<\/jats:italic> were negatively associated with pleasantness and comfort during the interaction. Additionally, we observed that participants\u2019 sense of touch being real was enhanced in <jats:italic>Haptic Stimulus<\/jats:italic> compared to <jats:italic>Tactile Stimulus<\/jats:italic>. The \u201c<jats:italic>Haptic Stimulus<\/jats:italic>\u201d condition had the most positive influence on participants\u2019 sense of identification with the crowd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T10:11:37Z","timestamp":1701166297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Haptic feedback in a virtual crowd scenario improves the emotional response"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"R. 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