{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:47:28Z","timestamp":1768319248531,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Training complex skills is typically accomplished by means of a trainer or mediator who tailors instruction to the individual trainee. However, facilitated training is costly and labor intensive, and the use of a mediator is infeasible in remote or extreme environments. Imparting complex skills in applications like long-duration human spaceflight, military field operations, or remote medicine may require automated training algorithms. Virtual reality (VR) is an effective, easily programmable, immersive training medium that has been used widely across fields. However, there remain open questions in the search for the most effective algorithms for guiding automated training progression. This study investigates the effects of responsiveness, personalization, and subtask independence on the efficacy of automated training algorithms in VR for training complex, operationally relevant tasks. Thirty-two subjects (16M\/16F, 18\u201354\u00a0years) were trained to pilot and land a spacecraft on Mars within a VR simulation using four different automated training algorithms. Performance was assessed in a physical cockpit mock-up. We found that personalization results in faster skill acquisition on average when compared with a standardized progression built for a median subject (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0050). The standardized progression may be preferable when consistent results are desired across all subjects. Independence of the difficulty adjustments between subtasks may lead to increased skill acquisition, while lockstep in the progression of each subtask increases self-reported flow experience (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), fluency (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), and absorption (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) on the Flow Short Scale. Data visualization suggests that highly responsive algorithms may lead to faster learning progressions and higher skill acquisition for some subjects. Improving transfer of skills from training to testing may require either high responsiveness or a standardized training progression. Optimizing the design of automated, individually adaptive algorithms around the training needs of a group may be useful to increase skill acquisition for complex operational tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.1322656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T05:17:54Z","timestamp":1707369474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Features of adaptive training algorithms for improved complex skill acquisition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Verniani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ellery","family":"Galvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Tredinnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Putman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torin K.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Allison P.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00158","article-title":"Investigating the \u201cflow\u201d experience: key conceptual and operational issues","volume":"11","author":"Abuhamdeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2307\/3250951","article-title":"Time flies when you\u2019re having fun: cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage","volume":"24","author":"Agarwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mars exploration entry, descent and landing challenges","author":"Braun","year":"2006"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2017.09.010","article-title":"Using game-based virtual reality with haptics for skill acquisition","volume":"16","author":"Butt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-48","article-title":"Neurorehabilitation using the virtual reality based Rehabilitation Gaming System: methodology, design, psychometrics, usability and validation","volume":"7","author":"Cameir\u00e3o","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.10.002","article-title":"ERP training with a web-based electronic learning system: the flow theory perspective","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Human-Computer Stud."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment impact on players\u2019 confidence","author":"Constant","year":"2019"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248225","article-title":"Transfer of training\u2014virtual reality training with augmented multisensory cues improves user experience during training and task performance in the real world","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.5.815","article-title":"Optimal experience in work and leisure","volume":"56","author":"Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Design of adaptive haptic-enabled virtual reality based system for upper limb movement disorders: a Usability Study","author":"Dhiman","year":"2016"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Will communication delays impact mission controllers? An investigation of mood, performance, and workload during analog missions\n            DiamondM.\n          Grand Forks, North Dakota, USAUniversity of North Dakota2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9493-y","article-title":"New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings","volume":"97","author":"Diener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-008-9102-4","article-title":"Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance","volume":"32","author":"Engeser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Motivation Emot."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.18502\/keg.v2i2.632","article-title":"Astronaut training using virtual reality in a neutrally buoyant environment","volume":"2","author":"Everson","year":"2017","journal-title":"KnE Eng."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1017\/exp.2022.28","article-title":"Skill retention after desktop and head-mounted-display virtual reality training","volume":"4","author":"Farr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Results"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.02.013","article-title":"Operating room virtual reality immersion improves self-efficacy amongst preclinical physician assistant students","volume":"77","author":"Francis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Educ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176488","article-title":"The perceptual learning of time-compressed speech: a comparison of training protocols with different levels of difficulty","volume":"12","author":"Gabay","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-0167","article-title":"Training astronauts using hardware-in-the-loop simulations and virtual reality","volume-title":"AIAA scitech 2020 forum. AIAA scitech 2020 forum","author":"Garcia","year":"2020"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1994.9712742","article-title":"Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human\u2014computer interaction","volume":"128","author":"Ghani","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00091-4","article-title":"Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness","volume":"47","author":"Golding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.01.012","article-title":"Predicting individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility by questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02183","article-title":"Transfer of training from virtual to real baseball batting","volume":"8","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00518","article-title":"Closed-loop task difficulty adaptation during virtual reality reach-to-grasp training assisted with an exoskeleton for stroke rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Grimm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.2.212-224","article-title":"Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning","volume":"36","author":"Guadagnoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Training in virtual environments: a safe, cost-effective, and engaging approach to training","author":"Gupta","year":"2008"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.045","article-title":"Challenging games help students learn: an empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning","volume":"54","author":"Hamari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Transfer of training from virtual reality environments\n            HamblinC. J.\n          Wichita, Kansas, USAWichita State University2005"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","article-title":"Array programming with NumPy","volume":"585","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1996-3498","article-title":"An integrated EVA\/RMS virtual reality simulation, including force feedback for astronaut training","author":"Homan","year":"1996"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"429","article-title":"The case for dynamic difficulty adjustment in games","author":"Hunicke","year":"2005"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181322661063","article-title":"An adaptive virtual reality-based training system for pilots","volume":"66","author":"Iv\u00e1n Aguilar Reyes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergonomics Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"407","article-title":"Development of immersive personalized training environment for construction workers","author":"Jeelani","year":"2017"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13044","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013044","article-title":"Effects of personalized cognitive training with the machine learning algorithm on neural efficiency in healthy younger adults","volume":"19","author":"Jeun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"90","article-title":"SciPy: open-source scientific tools for Python","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Package 'rstatix'. Pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests","author":"Kassambara","year":"2023"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584444","article-title":"Training in virtual and real environments","volume":"23","author":"Kenyon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41097","DOI":"10.2196\/41097","article-title":"An automated virtual reality training system for teacher-student interaction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4626.2016","article-title":"Communication delays impact behavior and performance aboard the international Space station","volume":"87","author":"Kintz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2160460","article-title":"Real-time closed-loop control of cognitive load in neurological patients during robot-assisted gait training","volume":"19","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabilitation Eng."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2017.00085","article-title":"Virtual reality-based center of mass-assisted personalized balance training system","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reach.2017.03.002","article-title":"Selecting astronauts for long-duration exploration missions: considerations for team performance and functioning","volume":"5","author":"Landon","year":"2017","journal-title":"REACH"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"297","article-title":"Synthesizing personalized training programs for improving driving habits via virtual reality","author":"Lang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194543","article-title":"Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research","volume":"63","author":"Leek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","article-title":"Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics","volume":"49","author":"Levitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48009\/2_iis_2005_175-181","article-title":"Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online e-learning users acceptance behavior","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Issues Inf. Syst"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0038-8_11","article-title":"Virtual environment technology in training","volume-title":"Virtual reality, training\u2019s future?","author":"Loftin","year":"1997"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.05.003","article-title":"Delayed voice communication","volume":"91","author":"Love","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"51","article-title":"Data structures for statistical computing in python","author":"McKinney","year":"2010"},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment\n            MissuraO.\n          BonnRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t2015"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"13","article-title":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment via fast user adaptation","author":"Moon","year":"2020"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.745623","article-title":"Training in virtual environments: putting theory into practice","volume":"56","author":"Moskaliuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.05.026","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality-enhanced exercise on physical activity, psychological outcomes, and physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5753\/rbie.2018.26.02.29","article-title":"Flow theory to promote learning in educational systems: is it really relevant?","volume":"26","author":"Oliveira Dos Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Inform. Educ."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7059","DOI":"10.3390\/s22187059","article-title":"Personalization of the learning path within an augmented reality spatial ability training application based on fuzzy weights","volume":"22","author":"Papakostas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.11.032","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of virtual reality simulator training: transfer to live patients","volume":"194","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"274","article-title":"Package \u2018nlme\u2019. Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models","volume":"3","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"version"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2018.11.006","article-title":"The effect of adaptive difficulty adjustment on the effectiveness of a game to develop executive function skills for learners of different ages","volume":"49","author":"Plass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212746","article-title":"Methodological examination of the PEST (parametric estimation by sequential testing) procedure","volume":"3","author":"Pollack","year":"1968","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00896880","article-title":"Immersive training systems: virtual reality and education and training","volume":"23","author":"Psotka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Instr. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1968.tb01153.x","article-title":"Relations Between Motion Sickness Susceptibility, the Spiral After-Effect and Loudness Estimation","volume":"59","author":"Reason","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.09.065","article-title":"Medical event management for future deep Space exploration missions to Mars","volume":"246","author":"Robertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"18","volume-title":"A subjective rating scale for assessing pilot workload in flight: a decade of practical use","author":"Roscoe","year":"1990"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184378","article-title":"Training in virtual environments: transfer to real world tasks and equivalence to real task training","volume":"43","author":"Rose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.3.493","article-title":"Affect Grid: a single-item scale of pleasure and arousal","volume":"57","author":"Russell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2008.05.002","article-title":"Survey of astronaut opinions on medical crewmembers for a mission to Mars","volume":"63","author":"Saluja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of adaptive difficulty adjustments on students\u2019 motivation and learning in an educational computer game","volume":"69","author":"Sampayo-Vargas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"252","article-title":"Design of a VR-based upper limb gross motor and fine motor task platform for post-stroke survivors","author":"Saurav","year":"2018"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076770","article-title":"A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning","volume":"82","author":"Schmidt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180314","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1180314","article-title":"Training augmentation using additive sensory noise in a lunar rover navigation task","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2015-4514","article-title":"Evolvable Mars campaign long duration habitation strategies: architectural approaches to enable human exploration missions","author":"Simon","year":"2015"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Underwater virtual reality system for neutral buoyancy training: development and evaluation","author":"Sinnott","year":"2019"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00164","article-title":"Adaptive virtual reality training to optimize military medical skills acquisition and retention","volume":"181","author":"Siu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910407","article-title":"PEST: efficient estimates on probability functions","volume":"41","author":"Taylor","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"56","article-title":"Virtual reality: toward fundamental improvements in simulation-based training","volume":"34","author":"Thurman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/009365092019005001","article-title":"Flow in computer-mediated communication: electronic mail and voice mail evaluation and impacts","volume":"19","author":"Trevino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: statistics in Python","volume":"3","author":"Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2016.09.001","article-title":"An overview of self-adaptive technologies within virtual reality training","volume":"22","author":"Vaughan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(93)90032-N","article-title":"The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions","volume":"9","author":"Webster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of evaluative feedback on rate of learning and task motivation: an analogue experiment","volume":"8","author":"Wilbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. A Contemp. J."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"465","article-title":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment for maximized engagement in digital games","author":"Xue","year":"2017"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42321-0_41","article-title":"An adaptive strategy for an immersive visuo-haptic attention training game","volume-title":"Haptics: perception, devices, control, and applications","author":"Yang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"615","article-title":"Personalized learning in medical education: designing a user interface for a dynamic haptic robotic trainer for central venous catheterization","author":"Yovanoff","year":"2017"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5681652","article-title":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment (dda) in computer games: a review","volume":"2018","author":"Zohaib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Human-Computer Interact."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"1","article-title":"A numerical algorithm to estimate an achievability limit for crewed planetary landing","author":"Zuzula","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1322656\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1707369484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1322656\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2024.1322656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1322656","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"article-number":"1322656"}}