{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:37:11Z","timestamp":1774629431994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cybersickness is still a prominent risk factor potentially affecting the usability of virtual reality applications. Automated real-time detection of cybersickness promises to support a better general understanding of the phenomena and to avoid and counteract its occurrence. It could be used to facilitate application optimization, that is, to systematically link potential causes (technical development and conceptual design decisions) to cybersickness in closed-loop user-centered development cycles. In addition, it could be used to monitor, warn, and hence safeguard users against any onset of cybersickness during a virtual reality exposure, especially in healthcare applications. This article presents a novel real-time-capable cybersickness detection method by deep learning of augmented physiological data. In contrast to related preliminary work, we are exploring a unique combination of mid-immersion ground truth elicitation, an unobtrusive wireless setup, and moderate training performance requirements. We developed a proof-of-concept prototype to compare (combinations of) convolutional neural networks, long short-term memory, and support vector machines with respect to detection performance. We demonstrate that the use of a conditional generative adversarial network-based data augmentation technique increases detection performance significantly and showcase the feasibility of real-time cybersickness detection in a genuine application example. Finally, a comprehensive performance analysis demonstrates that a four-layered bidirectional long short-term memory network with the developed data augmentation delivers superior performance (91.1% F1-score) for real-time cybersickness detection. To encourage replicability and reuse in future cybersickness studies, we released the code and the dataset as publicly available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.1364207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T04:50:08Z","timestamp":1718599808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Automatic cybersickness detection by deep learning of augmented physiological data from off-the-shelf consumer-grade sensors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Murat","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Halbig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fischbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc Erich","family":"Latoschik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/ijacsa.2018.090623","article-title":"An effective virtual reality based remedy for acrophobia","volume":"9","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Tobii pro lab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Softw"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01530","article-title":"Virtual reality in marketing: a framework, review, and research agenda","volume":"10","author":"Alca\u00f1iz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020496","article-title":"An investigation of various machine and deep learning techniques applied in automatic fear level detection and acrophobia virtual therapy","volume":"20","author":"B\u0103lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00400-1","article-title":"Users\u2019 psychophysiological, vocal, and self-reported responses to the apparent attitude of a virtual audience in stereoscopic 360\u00b0-video","volume":"24","author":"Barreda-\u00c1ngeles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00041","article-title":"The effects of avatar and environment design on embodiment, presence, activation, and task load in a virtual reality exercise application","volume-title":"IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Bartl","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Bluetooth low energy platform agnostic klient","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Softw"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00513-6","article-title":"Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook","volume":"25","author":"Caserman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1893","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1893","article-title":"A comprehensive study of the affective and physiological responses induced by dynamic virtual reality environments","volume":"30","author":"Cebeci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2967303","article-title":"Performance measurements of virtual reality systems: quantifying the timing and positioning accuracy","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th ACM international conference on Multimedia","author":"Chang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1778351","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness: a review of causes and measurements","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Visually induced motion sickness estimation and prediction in virtual reality using frequency components analysis of postural sway signal","volume-title":"International conference on artificial reality and telexistence eurographics symposium on virtual environments","author":"Chardonnet","year":"2015"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08348-9","article-title":"A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training","volume":"79","author":"Checa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1201\/b11337-47","article-title":"Visually induced motion sickness: effects of translational visual motion along different axes","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Contemp. ergonomics Hum. factors"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00016","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100016","article-title":"Control of a virtual ambulation influences body movement and motion sickness","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116681073","article-title":"The body and the brain: measuring skin conductance responses to understand the emotional experience","volume":"22","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-3-28","article-title":"Real time electrocardiogram QRS detection using combined adaptive threshold","volume":"3","author":"Christov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. online"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566152","article-title":"Virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (vrise)","volume":"8","author":"Cobb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.028","article-title":"Better than the real thing: eliciting fear with moving and static computer-generated stimuli","volume":"78","author":"Courtney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol. official J. Int. Organ. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2677758.2677780","article-title":"A systematic review of cybersickness","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 conference on interactive entertainment","author":"Davis","year":"2014"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2016.07.002","article-title":"Use of physiological signals to predict cybersickness","volume":"44","author":"Dennison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5969","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165969","article-title":"A conditional gan for generating time series data for stress detection in wearable physiological sensor data","volume":"22","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2016.2518298","article-title":"Examining rotation gain in cave-like virtual environments","volume":"22","author":"Freitag","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2019.0045","article-title":"Development of a classifier to determine factors causing cybersickness in virtual reality environments","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Agundez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Games health J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-06910-x","article-title":"Virtual reality rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Gazendam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19136","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000019136","article-title":"Effects of early virtual reality-based rehabilitation in patients with total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Gianola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.876433","article-title":"Controlling the stage: a high-level control system for virtual audiences in virtual reality","volume":"3","author":"Gl\u00e9marec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real. \u2013 Virtual Real. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1952.tb00104.x","article-title":"Rational decisions","volume":"14","author":"Good","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Generative adversarial networks","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW52623.2021.00125","article-title":"Visual techniques to reduce cybersickness in virtual reality","volume-title":"2021 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW)","author":"Groth","year":"2021"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.973236","article-title":"Prediction of cybersickness in virtual environments using topological data analysis and machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Hadadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837616","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.837616","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of virtual reality in healthcare \u2013 a domain experts inquiry","volume":"3","author":"Halbig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.694567","article-title":"A systematic review of physiological measurements, factors, methods, and applications in virtual reality","volume":"2","author":"Halbig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797763","article-title":"Physiological effectivity and user experience of immersive gait rehabilitation","volume-title":"2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)","author":"Hamzeheinejad","year":"2019"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512396","article-title":"Biosignal data augmentation based on generative adversarial networks","volume-title":"2018 40th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC)","author":"Harada","year":"2018"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"The elements of statistical learning","volume-title":"Springer series in statistics","author":"Hastie","year":"2001"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12632","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility, heart rate variability, and resilience predict fine-grained regulation of arousal during prolonged threat","volume":"53","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2038","article-title":"Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: an integrated research framework","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR52148.2021.00017","article-title":"Cybersickness prediction from integrated hmd\u2019s sensors: a multimodal deep fusion approach using eye-tracking and head-tracking data","volume-title":"2021 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Islam","year":"2021"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"648","article-title":"Automatic detection of cybersickness from physiological signal in a virtual roller coaster simulation","volume-title":"2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW)","author":"Islam","year":""},{"key":"B43","first-page":"400","article-title":"Automatic detection and prediction of cybersickness severity using deep neural networks from user\u2019s physiological signals","volume-title":"2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Islam","year":""},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254841","article-title":"An empirical survey of data augmentation for time series classification with neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Iwana","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3281505.3283387","article-title":"Vr sickness measurement with eeg using dnn algorithm","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology","author":"Jeong","year":"2018"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797828","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality and gamification within procedurally generated environments to increase motivation during gait rehabilitation","volume-title":"2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)","author":"Kern","year":"2019"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","article-title":"Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness","volume":"53","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. factors"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"10580","article-title":"A deep cybersickness predictor based on brain signal analysis for virtual reality contents","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","author":"Kim","year":"2019"},{"key":"B50","volume-title":"Adam: a method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2014"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/333329.333344","article-title":"A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments","volume":"32","author":"LaViola Jr","year":"2000","journal-title":"ACM Sigchi Bull."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8802983","article-title":"Physiological fusion net: quantifying individual vr sickness with content stimulus and physiological response","volume-title":"2019 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP)","author":"Lee","year":"2019"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17807","DOI":"10.2196\/17807","article-title":"Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR serious games"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2012.6234149","article-title":"A study of sickness induced within a 3d virtual store and combated with fuzzy control in the elderly","volume-title":"2012 9th international conference on fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1145\/2671015.2671120","article-title":"Simulator sickness and presence using hmds: comparing use of a game controller and a position estimation system","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology","author":"Llorach","year":"2014"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Revisiting classifier two-sample tests","volume-title":"International conference on learning representations","author":"Lopez-Paz","year":"2017"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.055","article-title":"Understanding the use of virtual reality in marketing: a text mining-based review","volume":"100","author":"Loureiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2015.03.001","article-title":"Motion in images is essential to cause motion sickness symptoms, but not to increase postural sway","volume":"38","author":"Lubeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00065","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness detection: an approach based on physiological signals and machine learning","volume-title":"2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Martin","year":"2020"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1171-1","article-title":"Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. traditional exposure therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"17","author":"Miloff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Conditional generative adversarial nets","author":"Mirza","year":"2014"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"807","article-title":"Rectified linear units improve restricted Boltzmann machines","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th international Conference on international Conference on machine learning","author":"Nair","year":"2010"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE.2015.7398740","article-title":"Toward the detection of the onset of virtual reality sickness by autonomic indices","volume-title":"2015 IEEE 4th global conference on consumer electronics (GCCE)","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2015"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.07.032","article-title":"Cybersickness provoked by head-mounted display affects cutaneous vascular tone, heart rate and reaction time","volume":"192","author":"Nalivaiko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aut. Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"376","article-title":"Augmenting physiological time series data: a case study for sleep apnea detection","volume-title":"Machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases: European conference, ECML PKDD 2019, w\u00fcrzburg, Germany, september 16\u201320, 2019, proceedings, Part III","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2019"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Interactive gamified virtual reality training for affine transformations","volume-title":"DeLFI\/GMW workshops","author":"Oberd\u00f6rfer","year":"2017"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-044","article-title":"Motion sickness: a synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory","volume":"68","author":"Oman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. physiology Pharmacol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878119831420","article-title":"Gaming in virtual reality: what changes in terms of usability, emotional response and sense of presence compared to non-immersive video games?","volume":"50","author":"Pallavicini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/iciibms.2018.8549968","article-title":"Identifying severity level of cybersickness from eeg signals using cn2 rule induction algorithm","volume":"3","author":"Pane","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 Int. Conf. Intelligent Inf. Biomed. Sci. (ICIIBMS)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20476-1_20","article-title":"Cybersickness among gamers: an online survey","volume-title":"Advances in human factors in wearable Technologies and game design","author":"Rangelova","year":"2020"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","article-title":"Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays","volume":"20","author":"Rebenitsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635661","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.635661","article-title":"Toward predicting motion sickness using virtual reality and a moving platform assessing brain, muscles, and heart signals","volume":"9","author":"Recenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0303_2","article-title":"An ecological theory of motion sickness and postural instability","volume":"3","author":"Riccio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecol. Psychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096","article-title":"Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Saredakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650093","article-title":"Bidirectional recurrent neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Schuster","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.005","article-title":"Virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (vrise): comparison of head mounted display (hmd), desktop and projection display systems","volume":"29","author":"Sharples","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0197-0","article-title":"A survey on image data augmentation for deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Shorten","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"B78","article-title":"Socket \u2014 low-level networking interface","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Softw"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Cybersickness is not simulator sickness","volume-title":"Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting","author":"Stanney","year":"1997"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446195","article-title":"Effects of latency jitter on simulator sickness in a search task","volume-title":"2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)","author":"Stauffert","year":"2018"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582204","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.582204","article-title":"Latency and cybersickness: impact, causes, and measures. a review","volume":"1","author":"Stauffert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1953","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1953","article-title":"Exploring neural and peripheral physiological correlates of simulator sickness","volume":"31","author":"Tauscher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301659","article-title":"Motion sickness: an evolutionary hypothesis","volume":"197","author":"Treisman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1145\/3136755.3136817","article-title":"Data augmentation of wearable sensor data for Parkinson\u2019s disease monitoring using convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on multimodal interaction","author":"Um","year":"2017"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Unity asset store","year":"2023"},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"Unity real-time development platform","year":"2020"},{"key":"B187","article-title":"Measurement Engine\u2013Technology Platform for Virtual Adventures (VIA-VR)","author":"Viavr_Measurement_Engine","year":"2022"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-Games.2019.8864580","article-title":"\u201cVIA VR: A technology platform for virtual adventures for healthcare and well-being,\u201d in 2019 11th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games)","author":"Viavr_Project","year":"2019"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/tg.2022.3178539","article-title":"Real-time prediction of simulator sickness in virtual reality games","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Games"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"4653","volume-title":"Time series data augmentation for deep learning: a survey","author":"Wen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-Games.2018.8493408","article-title":"A virtual nose as a rest-frame-the impact on simulator sickness and game experience","volume-title":"2018 10th international conference on virtual worlds and games for serious applications (VS-Games)","author":"Wienrich","year":"2018"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00071","article-title":"Body weight perception of females using photorealistic avatars in virtual and augmented reality","volume-title":"2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR)","author":"Wolf","year":"2020"},{"key":"B91","first-page":"65","article-title":"The embodiment of photorealistic avatars influences female body weight perception in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th IEEE virtual reality conference","author":"Wolf","year":"2021"},{"key":"B92","article-title":"Empirical evaluation of rectified activations in convolutional network","author":"Xu","year":"2015"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-022-00172-6","article-title":"Machine learning methods for the study of cybersickness: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inf."},{"key":"B94","article-title":"Diversity-sensitive conditional generative adversarial networks","volume-title":"International conference on learning representations","author":"Yang","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1364207\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1732232672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1364207\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2024.1364207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1364207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"article-number":"1364207"}}