{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:41:42Z","timestamp":1767339702193,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Robotic surgery, also known as robotic-assisted surgery (RAS), has rapidly evolved during the last decade. RAS systems <jats:ext-link>are developed to assist surgeons to perform complex minimally invasive surgeries,<\/jats:ext-link> and necessitate augmented interfaces for precise execution of these image-guided procedures. Extended Reality (XR) technologies, augmenting the real-world perception via integrating digital contents, show promise in enhancing RAS efficacy in various studies. Despite multiple reviews on technological and medical aspects, the crucial elements of human-robot interaction (HRI) and user experience (UX) remain underexplored. This review fills this gap by elucidating HRI dynamics within XR-aided RAS systems, emphasizing their impact on UX and overall surgical outcomes. By synthesizing existing literature, this systematic review study identifies challenges and opportunities, paving the way for improved XR-enhanced robotic surgery, ultimately enhancing patient care and surgical performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.1461105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T04:44:18Z","timestamp":1732164258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the dynamics of user experience and interaction in XR-enhanced robotic surgery: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yaning","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shucheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiyang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuexi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Breschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shidujaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Piazzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"De Momi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"van Eijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8804","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10372-8","article-title":"Baseline performance in a robotic virtual reality platform predicts rate of skill acquisition in a proficiency-based curriculum: a cohort study of surgical trainees","volume":"37","author":"Abreu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.3098","article-title":"A multi-institutional randomized controlled trial of an augmented-reality based technical skill acquisition module for robot-assisted urethro-vesical anastomosis","volume":"189","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urology"},{"key":"B105","first-page":"371","article-title":"How stress and mental workload are connected","author":"Alsuraykh","year":"2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-019-0722-7","article-title":"Extended reality in medical practice","volume":"21","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardio Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.181","article-title":"Short-phase training on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance in tele-robotic surgery","volume":"4","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robotics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.044","article-title":"What is cognition?","volume":"29","author":"Bayne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"325","article-title":"User experience quality: a conceptual framework for goal setting and measurement","volume-title":"Digital human modeling. ICDHM 2007. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"Beauregard","year":"2007"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.11.008","article-title":"Cost comparison of robotic, laparoscopic, and open radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Bolenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"*European Urology*"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.26.3.107","article-title":"Building confidence","volume":"26","author":"Budin","year":"2017","journal-title":"*Journal of Perinatal Education*"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.5301\/uro.5000149","article-title":"The added value of robotic surgery","volume":"82","author":"Buffi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urologia Journal*"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/tmrb.2020.2990692","article-title":"An evaluation of inanimate and virtual reality training for psychomotor skill development in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery","volume":"2","author":"Caccianiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.08.025","article-title":"Robotic technology in surgery: past, present, and future","volume":"188","author":"Camarillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2555-4-1","article-title":"The possible benefits of reduced errors in the motor skills acquisition of children","volume":"4","author":"Capio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy, and Technology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211068946","article-title":"Human factors integration in robotic surgery","volume":"66","author":"Catchpole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2012.0396","article-title":"Virtual Reality Training Improves da Vinci Performance: A Prospective Trial","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12704","article-title":"Augmented-reality-based skills training for robot-assisted urethrovesical anastomosis: a multi-institutional randomised controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Chowriappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of team training in virtual reality for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery","author":"Christensen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000269","article-title":"Motor experience influences object knowledge","volume":"146","author":"Chrysikou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of experimental psychology general"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000002856","article-title":"The role of mixed reality simulation for surgical training in spine: phase 1 validation","volume":"43","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3373-x","article-title":"Validation of a virtual reality-based robotic surgical skills curriculum","volume":"28","author":"Connolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-004-9004-9","article-title":"Advantages and limits of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery: preliminary experience","volume":"19","author":"Corcione","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3334190","article-title":"Combining FES and exoskeletons in a hybrid haptic system for enhancing VR experience","volume":"31","author":"de Mongeot","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121346","article-title":"State of the art in immersive interactive technologies for surgery simulation: a review and prospective","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Framework of product experience","author":"Desmet","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Design"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00037","article-title":"A systematic review of 10 years of augmented reality usability studies: 2005 to 2014","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"54","article-title":"Augmented reality imaging for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy surgery","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Edgcumbe","year":"2016"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002876","article-title":"Pedicle screw placement using augmented reality surgical navigation with intraoperative 3D imaging: a first in-human prospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Elmi-Terander","year":"2019","journal-title":"SPINE"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1109\/lra.2020.3002216","article-title":"Augmented reality and robotic-assistance for percutaneous nephrolithotomy","volume":"5","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80091-8_133","article-title":"UX heuristic evaluation of maxillo-facial surgery","volume-title":"Advances in usability, user experience, wearable and assistive technology","author":"Filippi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10929080701253881","article-title":"Real-time orthognathic surgical simulation using a mandibular motion tracking system","volume":"12","author":"Fukushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer Aided Surgery"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1308\/003588411x12851639108358","article-title":"Face, content, and construct validity of a virtual reality simulator for robotic surgery (SEP robot)","volume":"93","author":"Gavazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.023","article-title":"Passive and active facebook use measure (PAUM): validation and relationship to the reinforcement sensitivity theory","volume":"63","author":"Gerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3543-9","article-title":"30 Years of robotic surgery","volume":"40","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1002320","article-title":"Multidimensional, intuitive and augmented interaction models for robotic surgery","volume-title":"Human factors in robots, drones and unmanned systems","author":"Giugliano","year":"2022"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/tmech.2008.924118","article-title":"Human\u2013machine interface for robotic surgery and stereotaxy","volume":"13","author":"Greer","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02858-9","article-title":"Accelerated skills acquisition protocol (asap) in optimizing robotic surgical simulation training: a prospective randomized study","volume":"38","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Urology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290500330331","article-title":"User experience - a research agenda","volume":"25","author":"Hassenzahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour and Information Technology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.04.002","article-title":"Needs, affect, and interactive products \u2013 facets of user experience","volume":"22","author":"Hassenzahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inter. Computers."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9727-5","article-title":"A consensus document on robotic surgery","volume":"22","author":"Herron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192867766.001.0001","volume-title":"Perceptual experience","author":"Hill","year":"2022"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-012-0737-8","article-title":"Robotics in plastic surgery, A review","volume":"35","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-019-0244-9","article-title":"Virtual reality-based control of robotic endoscope in laparoscopic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-010-0202-2","article-title":"History of robotic surgery","volume":"4","author":"Kalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Robotic Surgery"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"8291","article-title":"A real-time interactive augmented reality depth estimation technique for surgical robotics","author":"Kalia","year":"2019"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"What is HCl (Human-Computer interaction)?","author":"Kanade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meaning, Importance, Examples, and Goals"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.12.044","article-title":"Face, content, and construct validity of dV-trainer, a novel virtual reality simulator for robotic surgery","volume":"73","author":"Kenney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4209-9","article-title":"Visually induced motion sickness can Be alleviated by pleasant odors","volume":"233","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113831","article-title":"Model predictive control in buildings with thermal and visual comfort constraints","volume":"306","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007670909889","article-title":"Procedural justice, outcome favorability and emotion","volume":"13","author":"Krehbiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Justice Research"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2022-0014","article-title":"Augmented reality-based robot control for laparoscopic surgery","volume":"8","author":"Kunz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d","article-title":"Robotic surgery: a current perspective","volume":"239","author":"Lanfranco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.7.1439","article-title":"Haptic perception: a tutorial","volume":"71","author":"Lederman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-008-0099-1","article-title":"Initial validation of a virtual-reality robotic simulator","volume":"2","author":"Lendvay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Robotic Surgery"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2019.115686","article-title":"Human-robot interaction based on gesture and movement recognition","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Processing and Image Communication"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23623-5_24","article-title":"Augmented virtuality for arthroscopic knee surgery","volume-title":"Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention \u2013 miccai 2011. Miccai 2011","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1109\/tmrb.2022.3201652","article-title":"Robotic telepresence based on augmented reality and human motion mapping for interventional medicine","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2012.0328","article-title":"Validation, Correlation, and Comparison of the da Vinci Trainer\u2122 and the daVinci Surgical Skills Simulator\u2122 Using the Mimic\u2122 Software for Urologic Robotic Surgical Education","volume":"26","author":"Liss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Endourology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2020.1788162","article-title":"User experiences of virtual reality technologies for healthcare in learning: an integrative review","volume":"41","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behaviour and Information Technology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350618771417","article-title":"From illusion to reality: a brief history of robotic surgery","volume":"25","author":"Marino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgical Innovation"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00011","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2021.00011","article-title":"Application of three-dimensional virtual reality models to improve the pre-surgical plan for robotic partial nephrectomy","volume":"25","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2019.19133","article-title":"A multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-based virtual reality surgical navigation tool for robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy","volume":"45","author":"Mehralivand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Urology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2119-1_113","article-title":"Virtual reality simulator for laparoscopic procedures performed with a robotic endoscope holder","volume-title":"XXVI Brazilian congress on biomedical engineering","author":"Melo","year":"2019"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020470","article-title":"XR (extended reality: virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality) technology in spine medicine: status quo and quo vadis","volume":"11","author":"Morimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"B104","first-page":"252","article-title":"A cognitive-affective-behavioral responses of customer experience (CAB-CE) model for service delivery improvement in the healthcare industry","volume":"9","author":"Mustaffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sup. Chain. Mgt."},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Beauty in usability: forget ease of use","volume-title":"Pleasure with products: beyond usability","author":"Overbeeke","year":"2002"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"449","article-title":"Using the KUKA LBR iiwa robot as haptic device for virtual reality training of hip replacement surgery","author":"Panariello","year":"2019"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2237-0","article-title":"The virtual reality simulator dV-Trainer\u00ae is a valid assessment tool for robotic surgical skills","volume":"26","author":"Perrenot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"year":"2012","key":"B68","article-title":"Wrong citation, please delete the whole sentence: physiol (2012) states that fatigue is mostly an emotion that is a byproduct of intricate regulation designed to keep the body safe"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.12.027","article-title":"Hyperaccuracy three-dimensional reconstruction is able to maximize the efficacy of selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for complex renal masses","volume":"74","author":"Porpiglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"5173","article-title":"Augmented reality assisted instrument insertion and tool manipulation for the first assistant in robotic surgery","author":"Qian","year":"2019"},{"key":"B71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual reality based medical training simulator and robotic operation system","author":"Rahman","year":"2022"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15624","article-title":"Assessing the learning curve of single-port robot-assisted prostatectomy","volume":"128","author":"Reeves","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315557380-16","article-title":"Designing and evaluating user experience","volume-title":"The handbook of human-machine interaction","author":"Robert","year":"2017"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295x.110.1.145","article-title":"Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion","volume":"110","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"1837","volume-title":"Perceptions of stress","author":"Salomon","year":"2013"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.06.011","article-title":"Development of the user experience (UX) and video quality evaluation (VQE) instruments for assessment of intraoperative video capture technology","volume":"78","author":"Saun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Education"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validation of a novel virtual reality simulator for robotic surgery","author":"Schreuder","year":"2014"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22891-4_10","volume-title":"Applications of surgical robotics","author":"Schweikard","year":"2015"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2307\/20159052","article-title":"The role of affective experience in work motivation","volume":"29","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Academy of management review"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2008.0250","article-title":"Validation of a novel virtual reality robotic simulator","volume":"23","author":"Sethi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Endourology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00548.x","article-title":"Interest: the curious emotion","volume":"17","author":"Silvia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2017.0063","article-title":"Intra-operative ultrasound-based augmented reality guidance for laparoscopic surgery","volume":"4","author":"Singla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc Technol Lett"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647997","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.647997","article-title":"Revisiting Milgram and Kishino's reality-virtuality continuum","volume":"2","author":"Skarbez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10437-3","article-title":"Development of a supportive care needs eHealth application for patients with cervical cancer undergoing surgery: a feasibility study","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"*BMC Health Services Research*"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-3936-4","article-title":"Reducing operating room turnover time for robotic surgery using a motor racing pit stop model","volume":"41","author":"Souders","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"journal-title":"Psychology","year":"2020","author":"Spielman","key":"B86"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119636113.ch30","article-title":"Extended reality (XR) environments","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Stanney","year":"2021"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"81","article-title":"Human-computer interfaces for interaction with surgical tools in robotic surgery","author":"Staub","year":"2012"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"369","article-title":"Consistency of performance of robot-assisted surgical tasks in virtual reality","volume":"142","author":"Suh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2021.08.002","article-title":"Augmented reality-based visual-haptic modeling for thoracoscopic surgery training systems","volume":"3","author":"Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Reality and Intelligent Hardware"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02872-9","article-title":"Improvement of three-dimensional motion sickness using a virtual reality simulator for robot-assisted surgery in undergraduate medical students: a prospective observational study","volume":"21","author":"Takata","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-015-0185-2","article-title":"A systematic review of economic evaluations of the use of robotic assisted laparoscopy in surgery compared with open or laparoscopic surgery","volume":"13","author":"Tandogdu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/VIS54862.2022.00032","article-title":"The role of extended reality for planning coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume-title":"2022 IEEE visualization and visual analytics (VIS)","author":"Vardhan","year":"2022"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-020-01251-y","article-title":"Robotic surgery in oncology","volume":"11","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9389.1","article-title":"Robotics in colorectal surgery","volume":"5","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research 5"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2024.100121","article-title":"Communicating environment protection from plastic waste via VR: effects of realism and spatial presence on risk perception","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics Reports"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/136457001753192277","article-title":"Eye-hand coordination in laparoscopy - an overview of experiments and supporting aids","volume":"10","author":"Wentink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08373-6","article-title":"Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy is superior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the initial training for surgical novices in an ex vivo porcine model: a randomized crossover study","volume":"36","author":"Willuth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3066-7","article-title":"Robotic surgery in gynecology","volume":"289","author":"Wimberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"B101","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Effortless motor learning? an external focus of attention enhances movement effectiveness and efficiency","author":"Wulf","year":"2010"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/WRCSARA57040.2022.9903967","article-title":"Immersive human-robot interaction for dexterous manipulation in minimally invasive procedures","volume-title":"2022 WRC symposium on advanced robotics and automation (WRC SARA)","author":"Yu","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1461105\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T04:44:29Z","timestamp":1732164269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1461105\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2024.1461105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.1461105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-4192"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"article-number":"1461105"}}