{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:13:17Z","timestamp":1771024397338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Augmented reality (AugR) is becoming a widely recognized and innovative platform in global healthcare. AugR has revolutionized cardiology by enhancing the understanding of cardiac structure and function. This review highlights its applications in diagnosis, surgical planning, cardiac procedures, training, rehabilitation, and the future impact of AugR-related technology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review compiles original research and review articles on AugR in cardiology from PubMed till 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Advancements in visualization and image processing techniques facilitate the development of AugR tools using holographic displays, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and pre-surgical planning. Current AugR tools offer 3D heart imaging for diagnostic procedures, such as assessing Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF). AugR enables real-time visualization for congenital and structural heart diseases, aiding in catheter navigation, transcatheter valve procedures, and arrhythmia treatments. Its effectiveness extends to cardiac resynchronization therapy, ventricular tachycardia ablation, and ultrasound-guided catheterization. AugR surpasses standard 2D fluoroscopy in surgical interventions by optimizing fluoroscopic angles, improving pacemaker placement, reducing X-ray exposure, and increasing procedural accuracy. It also enhances medical training by providing immersive experiences for residents and fellows, improving emergency response training. User-friendly AugR technologies effectively engage patients, promote physical activity, and enhance outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation. Further testing of AugR could serve as a pivotal surgical navigation tool in cardiac transplantology. Mixed reality enhances procedural planning and intraoperative navigation in cardiac electrophysiology by providing real-time 3D visualization and spatial orientation. Holographic visualization techniques combined with 3D and 4D printing hold future potential in cardiac care, particularly for designing patient-specific prosthetics. However, widespread clinical adoption of AugR in many healthcare institutions is limited by technical challenges and high costs related to specialized hardware, software, and maintenance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>AugR holds great promise in transforming cardiac care, but its clinical integration depends on rigorous trials to validate its effectiveness. While much research remains theoretical, increased human testing is essential for real-world applications. Advancing AugR, alongside technologies like 3D\/4D printing and holography, could pave the way for a safer and more precise future in cardiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2025.1580619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1753248913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Applications of augmented reality in cardiology till 2024: a comprehensive review of innovations and clinical impacts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ibthisam","family":"Ismail Sharieff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diviya Bharathi","family":"Ravikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashvat","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barath Prashanth","family":"Sivasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umabalan","family":"Thirupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ragavendar","family":"Saravanabavanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siva Naga","family":"Yarrarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikramaditya R.","family":"Samala Venkata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100532","article-title":"Analyzing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) recent development in education","volume":"8","author":"Al-Ansi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Humanit Open"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154368","article-title":"Application of mixed\/augmented reality in interventional cardiology","volume":"13","author":"Annabestani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E733","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29504","article-title":"Virtual support for remote proctoring in TAVR during COVID-19","volume":"98","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.036","article-title":"First-in-human use of a mixed reality display during cardiac ablation procedures","volume":"6","author":"Avari","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.08.013","article-title":"Validation of quantitative 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography mitral valve analysis using stereoscopic display","volume":"33","author":"Ballocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.11.3.035002","article-title":"Phantom study of augmented reality framework to assist epicardial punctures","volume":"11","author":"Bamps","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200257","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0257","article-title":"A completely automated pipeline for 3D reconstruction of human heart from 2D cine magnetic resonance slices","volume":"379","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/155698451601100307","article-title":"Computer-assisted transcatheter heart valve implantation in Valve-in-Valve procedures","volume":"11","author":"Belhaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00120","article-title":"Valve-in-Valve challenges: how to avoid coronary obstruction","volume":"6","author":"Bernardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-022-00659-y","article-title":"HEARTBEAT4D: an open-source toolbox for turning 4D cardiac CT into VR\/AR","volume":"35","author":"Bindschadler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Digit. Imaging"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2023.06.003","article-title":"Use of a mixed reality system for navigational mapping during cardiac electrophysiological testing does not prolong case duration: a subanalysis from the cardiac augmented REality study","volume":"4","author":"Bloom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Digit. Health J."},{"key":"B13","article-title":"The editors of encyclopedia britannica. computer vision","volume-title":"Encyclopedia britannica","year":"2025"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47228","DOI":"10.2196\/47228","article-title":"Usability of augmented reality technology in situational telementorship for managing clinical scenarios: quasi-experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Bui","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Educ."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.03.020","article-title":"Holographic augmented reality and 3D printing for advanced planning of sinus venosus ASD\/partial anomalous pulmonary venous return percutaneous management","volume":"12","author":"Butera","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72581-4_48","article-title":"Virtual and augmented realities for cardiac education and device training","volume-title":"Handbook of cardiac anatomy, physiology, and devices","author":"Buyck","year":"2024"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2021.09.004","article-title":"Does overlay field of view in head-mounted displays affect spatial memorization?","volume":"102","author":"Caluya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Graph"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1800111","article-title":"Augmented reality glasses as a new tele-rehabilitation tool for home use: patients\u2019 perception and expectations","volume":"17","author":"Cerd\u00e1n de Las Heras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2022.08.009","article-title":"Effects of a mixed-reality headset on procedural outcomes in the cardiac catheterization laboratory","volume":"45","author":"Chahine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01453-5","article-title":"Gamification: a novel approach to mental health promotion","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac266","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing, holograms, computational modelling, and artificial intelligence for adult congenital heart disease care: an exciting future","volume":"43","author":"Chessa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-323067","article-title":"Accuracy of visual estimation of ejection fraction in patients with heart failure using augmented reality glasses","volume":"110","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/155698451601100106","article-title":"Augmented reality system for ultrasound guidance of transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"11","author":"Currie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. (Phila)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.12865\/CHSJ.49.04.15","article-title":"Holographic techniques as a novel method for intervention planning: a tertiary centres experience","volume":"49","author":"D\u2019Aiello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2005.857661","article-title":"An augmented reality system for patient-specific guidance of cardiac catheter ablation procedures","volume":"24","author":"De Buck","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8070203","article-title":"Augmenting performance: a systematic review of optical see-through head-mounted displays in surgery","volume":"8","author":"Doughty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Imaging"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"EchoPixel, inc.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"FDA clears Microsoft\u2019s HoloLens for pre-operative surgical planning\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"PEAC executive summary\u2013augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) medical devices\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.050","article-title":"The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience","volume":"100","author":"Flavi\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112155-20201229-00205","article-title":"A brief history of intelligent medicine","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00770-9","article-title":"The efficacy of phase I cardiac rehabilitation training based on augmented reality on the self-efficacy of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Ghlichi Moghaddam","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0625","article-title":"Advanced medical use of three-dimensional imaging in congenital heart disease: augmented reality, mixed reality, virtual reality, and three-dimensional printing","volume":"21","author":"Goo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.ijri_39_20","article-title":"Holography applications toward medical field: an overview","volume":"30","author":"Haleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-022-01598-7","article-title":"Communication skills training using remote augmented reality medical simulation: a feasibility and acceptability qualitative study","volume":"32","author":"Hess","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17147","DOI":"10.2196\/17147","article-title":"Perspectives of patients and professionals on information and education after myocardial infarction with insight for mixed reality implementation: cross-sectional interview study","volume":"7","author":"Hilt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.04.004","article-title":"Comparison of augmented reality-assisted and instructor-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a simulated randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"68","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-1992-8","article-title":"Application and prospect of mixed reality technology in medical field","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14910","DOI":"10.2196\/14910","article-title":"Augmented reality learning environment for basic life support and defibrillation training: usability study","volume":"22","author":"Ingrassia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.11.23","article-title":"The golden age of minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery: current and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Iribarne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205188","article-title":"Three-dimensional holographic visualization of high-resolution myocardial scar on HoloLens","volume":"13","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000003914","article-title":"Smart glasses for radial arterial catheterization in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"135","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.017","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care: state-of-the-art and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.47176\/mjiri.34.163","article-title":"Application and evaluation of virtual technologies for anatomy education to medical students: a review","volume":"34","author":"Karbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam Repub. Iran."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102762","article-title":"Applications and advances of immersive technology in cardiology","volume":"49","author":"Keramati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e923597","DOI":"10.12659\/aot.923597","article-title":"Applicability of augmented reality in an organ transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Kosieradzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transpl."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv135","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu247","article-title":"Application of phase coherence in assessment of spatial alignment of electrodes during simultaneous endocardial-epicardial direct contact mapping of atrial fibrillation","volume":"16","author":"Kuklik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"EchoPixel announces progress in the clinical adoption of interactive virtual reality for pediatric surgery\n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3524020","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight: exploring privacy risks of mobile augmented reality applications","volume":"25","author":"Lehman","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Priv. Secur"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztae070","article-title":"Cardiac anatomic digital twins: findings from a single national centre","volume":"5","author":"Lippert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219174","article-title":"An augmented reality system for image guidance of transcatheter procedures for structural heart disease","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5603\/kp.2018.0046","article-title":"First-in-man percutaneous pulmonary vein isolation enhanced by augmented reality system","volume":"76","author":"Lodzi\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2009.07.005","article-title":"Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: review of the nature, management, and avoidance of procedural complications","volume":"2","author":"Masson","year":"2009","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02061-2","article-title":"Use of virtual reality and 3D models in contemporary practice of cardiology","volume":"26","author":"Minga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05666-1_15","article-title":"Automatic detection of misalignment in rigid 3D-2D registration","volume-title":"Clinical image-based procedures translational research in medical imaging","author":"Mitrovi\u0107","year":"2014"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11628","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811628","article-title":"Home-based robotic upper limbs cardiac telerehabilitation system","volume":"19","author":"Mocan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-024-00744-7","article-title":"Augmented reality in cardiology: enhancing visualization and precision","volume":"18","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc Risk Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15054","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.15054","article-title":"Updates to the current landscape of augmented reality in medicine","volume":"13","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/02676591221137480","article-title":"Mitral valve surgery assisted by virtual and augmented reality: cardiac surgery at the front of innovation","volume":"39","author":"Nanchahal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5603\/cj.2018.0058","article-title":"Augmented-reality computed tomography-guided transcatheter pacemaker implantation in dextrocardia and congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries","volume":"25","author":"Opolski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7709","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207709","article-title":"Microsoft HoloLens 2 in medical and healthcare context: state of the art and future prospects","volume":"22","author":"Palumbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2019.910","article-title":"Creating a low-cost virtual reality surgical simulation to increase surgical oncology capacity and capability","volume":"13","author":"Parham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2022.02.010","article-title":"Feasibility study of a mixed reality tool for real 3D visualization and planning of left atrial appendage occlusion","volume":"16","author":"Pasquali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121435","article-title":"How artificial intelligence is shaping medical imaging technology: a survey of innovations and applications","volume":"10","author":"Pinto-Coelho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. (Basel)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104366","article-title":"Impact of augmented-reality improvement in ablation catheter navigation as assessed by virtual-heart simulations of ventricular tachycardia ablation","volume":"133","author":"Prakosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2020-0511","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in cardiac surgery","volume":"37","author":"Rad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J. Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69900-4","article-title":"In-silico study of the cardiac arrhythmogenic potential of biomaterial injection therapy","volume":"10","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta5120","article-title":"Statistical assessment of the learning curves of health technologies","volume":"5","author":"Ramsay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2329310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.29310","article-title":"Augmented reality for perioperative anxiety in patients undergoing surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Rizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951122002153","article-title":"Feasibility of intraprocedural augmented reality visualisation of 3D rotational angiography in congenital cardiac catheterisation","volume":"33","author":"Salavitabar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"SentiAR \u2013 realtime clinical AR\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"266","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging: a wealth of cardiovascular information","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102380","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care in low and middle income country","volume":"49","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.11.009","article-title":"Emerging applications of virtual reality in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.04.006","article-title":"Validation of the leap motion controller using markered motion capture technology","volume":"49","author":"Smeragliuolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47483-6_7","article-title":"Mixed reality interaction and presentation techniques for medical visualisations","volume":"1260","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1109\/rbme.2019.2939091","article-title":"Optical and electromagnetic tracking systems for biomedical applications: a critical review on potentialities and limitations","volume":"13","author":"Sorriento","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/jtehm.2020.3007031","article-title":"Performance evaluation of mixed reality display for guidance during transcatheter cardiac mapping and ablation","volume":"8","author":"Southworth","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.04.005","article-title":"Use of extended realities in cardiology","volume":"30","author":"Southworth","year":"","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300767","article-title":"What is mixed reality?","author":"Speicher","year":"2019"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.25","article-title":"Cardiac image registration","volume":"1","author":"Sra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atr. Fibrillation"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"757","article-title":"A head-mounted three dimensional display","author":"Sutherland","year":"1968"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"659","volume-title":"Augmented reality: an application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes","author":"Thomas","year":"1992"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02115-5","article-title":"Interoperability of heterogeneous health information systems: a systematic literature review","volume":"23","author":"Torab-Miandoab","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E712","DOI":"10.46374\/volxxv_issue3_Tsai","article-title":"Participant perceptions of augmented reality simulation for cardiac anesthesiology training: a prospective, mixed-methods study","volume":"25","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Perioper. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5267789","article-title":"Regulating the metaverse: legal challenges in virtual worlds and digital assets. SSRN","author":"Tyagi","year":"2025"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182210","article-title":"Implementing virtual and augmented reality tools for radiology education and training, communication, and clinical care","volume":"291","author":"Uppot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2022.08.004","article-title":"Some things change, some things stay the same: trends in Canadian education in paediatric cardiology and the cardiac sciences","volume":"1","author":"Warren","year":"2022","journal-title":"CJC Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-013-3924-x","article-title":"Assessment of systolic function in patients with poor echogenicity: echocardiographic methods","volume":"40","author":"Weidemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.29244.editorial","article-title":"Virtual experiences causing real injuries: what can be done?","volume":"25","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0027","article-title":"Physiological monitoring during augmented reality exercise confirms advantages to health and well-being","volume":"22","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B91","unstructured":"Cardiac resynchronization device implantation supported by augmented reality visualization of computed tomography angiography reconstruction of the coronary Polish heart\n          \n          \n            \n              Witkowski\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Lodzi\u0144ski\n              P.\n            \n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.09.08","article-title":"Augmented reality and three-dimensional printing in percutaneous interventions on pulmonary arteries","volume":"9","author":"Witowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062606","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.11.6.062606","article-title":"Augmented and virtual reality imaging for collaborative planning of structural cardiovascular interventions: a proof-of-concept and validation study","volume":"11","author":"Xander","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.11.012","article-title":"Virtual PCI powered by augmented reality: pave the way to optimal revascularization","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/sih.0000000000000486","article-title":"Development and implementation of augmented reality enhanced high-fidelity simulation for recognition of patient decompensation","volume":"16","author":"Zackoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063040","article-title":"Magic leap 1 versus microsoft HoloLens 2 for the visualization of 3D content obtained from radiological images","volume":"23","author":"Zari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0768-6","article-title":"Coronary heart disease preoperative gesture interactive diagnostic system based on augmented reality","volume":"41","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12131266","article-title":"Unveiling the evolution of virtual reality in medicine: a bibliometric analysis of research hotspots and trends over the past 12 years","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1580619\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T05:35:18Z","timestamp":1753248918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1580619\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2025.1580619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1580619","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"article-number":"1580619"}}