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Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Realistic full-body avatars play a key role in representing users in virtual environments, where they have been shown to considerably improve important effects of immersive experiences such as body ownership and presence. Consequently, the demand for realistic virtual humans \u2013 and methods for creating them \u2013 is rapidly growing. However, despite extensive research into 3D reconstruction of avatars from real humans, an <jats:italic>easy and affordable<\/jats:italic> method for generating <jats:italic>realistic and VR-capable<\/jats:italic> avatars is still lacking: Existing methods are either limited to complex capture hardware and\/or controlled lab environments, do not provide sufficient visual fidelity, or cannot be rendered at sufficient frame rates for multi-avatar VR applications. To make avatar reconstruction widely available, we developed <jats:italic>Avatars for the Masses<\/jats:italic> \u2013 a client-server-based online service for scanning real humans with an easy-to-use smartphone application that empowers even non-expert users to capture photorealistic and VR-ready avatars. The data captured by the smartphone is transferred to a reconstruction server, where the avatar is generated in a fully automated process. Our advancements in capturing and reconstructing allow for higher-quality avatars even in less controlled in-the-wild environments. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations show our method\u2019s avatars to be on par with the ones generated by expensive expert-operated systems. It also generates more accurate replicas in comparison to the current state of the art in smartphone-based reconstruction, produces much less artifacts and provides a much higher rendering performance in VR in comparison to three representative neural methods. A comprehensive user study confirms similar perception results compared to avatars reconstructed with expensive expert-operated systems, and it underscores a sufficient usability of the overall system. To truly bring avatars to the masses, we will make our smartphone application publicly available for research purposes. More details can be found on the project page: <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/avatars.cs.tu-dortmund.de<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2025.1583474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1747808315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Avatars for the masses: smartphone-based reconstruction of humans for virtual reality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Timo","family":"Menzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Spinczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Holderrieth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Wienrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schwanecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc Erich","family":"Latoschik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Botsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Fast generation of realistic virtual humans","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM symposium on virtual reality software and Technology","author":"Achenbach","year":"2017"},{"year":"2023","article-title":"Agisoft Metashape","key":"B2"},{"year":"2025","article-title":"Meshroom","key":"B3"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Learning to reconstruct people in clothing from a single RGB camera","author":"Alldieck","year":"2019"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"98","article-title":"Detailed human avatars from monocular video","volume-title":"International conference on 3D Vision (3DV)","author":"Alldieck","year":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00875","article-title":"Video based reconstruction of 3D people models","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","author":"Alldieck","year":""},{"year":"","article-title":"RealityKit framework - object capture - PhotogrammetrySession","key":"B7"},{"year":"","article-title":"ARKit framework - blendshapes","key":"B8"},{"year":"","article-title":"Vision framework - VNFaceLandmarks2D","key":"B9"},{"year":"","article-title":"Vision framework - VNGeneratePersonSegmentationRequest","key":"B10"},{"year":"2025","article-title":"Vision framework - VNDetectHumanHandPosesRequest","key":"B11"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067783","article-title":"The influence of avatar representation on interpersonal communication in virtual social environments","volume":"27","author":"Aseeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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