{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:33:16Z","timestamp":1781206396398,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool in post-stroke neurorehabilitation, offering immersive and interactive environments capable of enhancing motor and executive function recovery through mechanisms of neuroplasticity. Although various VR modalities\u2014immersive (I), semi-immersive (SI), non-immersive (NI), and mixed (MXD)\u2014have been applied, their relative effectiveness remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different VR modalities in improving motor or executive functions in post-stroke patients and to explore how the stroke phase and the type of VR system used influence treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, resulting in 46 eligible peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024. These studies included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, and observational studies, with an average sample size of approximately 35 participants. The inclusion criteria focused on studies utilizing VR as a therapeutic modality for motor or executive function recovery in post-stroke populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, VR interventions yielded positive motor outcomes in 76.3% of cases, with semi-immersive VR (SI-VR) achieving the highest proportion of significant improvements (88.24%), followed by non-immersive VR (NI-VR) (66.67%) and immersive VR (I-VR) (50%). Only 13% of studies assessed executive functions, but SI-VR and I-VR modalities showed more consistent benefits than NI-VR. No statistically significant associations were found between VR typology, the stroke phase (chronic vs. subacute), and motor outcome efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>VR is an effective and versatile adjunct to conventional stroke rehabilitation, with SI-VR showing the most consistent motor benefits and immersive systems offering additional cognitive engagement. The lack of significant differences by stroke phase suggests that VR can be applied across recovery stages. Future research should address the underrepresentation of executive function outcomes and directly compare modalities in well-powered trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2025.1653968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1759314247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A systematic review on the use of virtual reality in post-stroke patients: exploring when modalities make the difference in executive and motor recovery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Cardile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Corallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia Maria","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreina","family":"Giustiniani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Rifici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tomaiuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2021.0197","article-title":"The effect of robot-mediated virtual reality gaming on upper limb spasticity poststroke: a randomized-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Abd El-Kafy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/15394492231158375","article-title":"Telehealth-guided virtual reality for recovery of upper extremity function following stroke","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"OTJR (Thorofare N J)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050587","article-title":"Influence of cognitive impairment on the recovery of subjects with subacute stroke undergoing upper limb robotic rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Aprile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2018.1444599","article-title":"Effects of Kinect-based virtual reality game training on upper extremity motor recovery in chronic stroke","volume":"35","author":"A\u015fk\u0131n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711816","article-title":"Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce","volume":"12","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004744","article-title":"Virtual reality training for upper extremity in subacute stroke (VIRTUES): a multicenter RCT","volume":"89","author":"Brunner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.047","article-title":"Robotic gait training in multiple sclerosis rehabilitation: can virtual reality make the difference? Findings from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"377","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. neurological Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2011.12.010","article-title":"Theories and control models and motor learning: clinical applications in neuro-rehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"Cano-de-la-Cuerda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Barc. Spain"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1778351","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness: a review of causes and measurements","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0153-6","article-title":"Effect of a mixed reality-based intervention on arm, hand, and finger function on chronic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Colomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr039","article-title":"Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications","volume":"134","author":"Cramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain a J. neurology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172183","article-title":"Application of virtual environments in a multi-disciplinary day neurorehabilitation program to improve executive functioning using the Stroop task","volume":"41","author":"Dahdah","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/482389","article-title":"Use of a robotic device for the rehabilitation of severe upper limb paresis in subacute stroke: exploration of patient\/robot interactions and the motor recovery process","volume":"2015","author":"Duret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02055-7","article-title":"Associations between post-stroke motor and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Einstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac456e","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based motor rehabilitation: a systematic review of fMRI studies","volume":"19","author":"Feitosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10378","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610378","article-title":"Haptic glove systems in combination with semi-immersive virtual reality for upper extremity motor rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2019","volume":"20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01009-3","article-title":"Bimanual motor skill learning with robotics in chronic stroke: comparison between minimally impaired and moderately impaired patients, and healthy individuals","volume":"19","author":"Gerardin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70082","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on stroke rehabilitation: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.013","article-title":"A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of virtual reality rehabilitation programs","volume":"70","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016009","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa8ce3","article-title":"Combined rTMS and virtual reality brain-computer interface training for motor recovery after stroke","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037698","article-title":"Feasibility of using the RAPAEL Smart Glove in upper limb physical therapy for patients after stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2017","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.06.005","article-title":"Randomized trial on the effects of attentional focus on motor training of the upper extremity using robotics with individuals after chronic stroke","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1139796","article-title":"Efficacy of a virtual reality commercial gaming device in upper limb recovery after stroke: a randomized, controlled Study","volume":"23","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00307","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v54.913","article-title":"Bilateral movement-based computer games improve sensorimotor functions in subacute stroke survivors","volume":"54","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"497","article-title":"Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation: an abridged version of a Cochrane review","volume":"51","author":"Laver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008349.pub5","article-title":"Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation","volume":"2025","author":"Laver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"140","article-title":"Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation: an abridged version of a Cochrane review","volume":"57","author":"Laver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9110295","article-title":"Speed-Interactive pedaling training using smartphone virtual reality application for stroke patients: Single-Blinded, randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00896-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a combined transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality-based intervention on upper limb function in chronic individuals post-stroke with persistent severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Llorens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093318","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy for adults post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring virtual environments and commercial games in therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lohse","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134727","article-title":"Motor imagery based brain-computer interface control of continuous passive motion for wrist extension recovery in chronic stroke patients","volume":"718","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01183-y","article-title":"Development of a compensation-aware virtual rehabilitation system for upper extremity rehabilitation in community-dwelling older adults with stroke","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318820169","article-title":"Effect of specific over nonspecific VR-Based rehabilitation on poststroke motor recovery: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation neural repair"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8002","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238002","article-title":"Muscle synergies and clinical outcome measures describe different factors of upper limb motor function in stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation in a virtual reality environment","volume":"21","author":"Maistrello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5093\/pi2022a10","article-title":"Virtual reality-based cognitive intervention for enhancing executive functions in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"31","author":"Makmee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104994","article-title":"Can robotic gait rehabilitation plus Virtual Reality affect cognitive and behavioural outcomes in patients with chronic stroke? A randomized controlled trial involving three different protocols","volume":"29","author":"Manuli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179573518813541","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573518813541","article-title":"The clinical utility of virtual reality in neurorehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Massetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2013.73","article-title":"Mechanisms of motor recovery in chronic and subacute stroke patients following a robot-aided training","volume":"7","author":"Mazzoleni","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2864935","article-title":"Wrist robot-assisted rehabilitation treatment in subacute and chronic stroke patients: from distal to proximal motor recovery","volume":"26","author":"Mazzoleni","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14554","article-title":"A novel fully immersive virtual reality environment for upper extremity rehabilitation in patients with stroke","volume":"1493","author":"Mekbib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq201","article-title":"Virtual reality for gait training: can it induce motor learning to enhance complex walking and reduce fall risk in patients with Parkinson's disease?","volume":"66","author":"Mirelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"journals gerontology. Ser. A, Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3109\/09638281003734359","article-title":"Nature, timing, frequency and type of augmented feedback; does it influence motor relearning of the hemiparetic arm after stroke? A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Molier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil. rehabilitation"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319834903","article-title":"Myoelectric computer interface training for reducing Co-Activation and enhancing arm movement in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized trial","volume":"33","author":"Mugler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055668320926054","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668320926054","article-title":"Changes in arm kinematics of chronic stroke individuals following \u201cAssist-As-Asked\u201d robot-assisted training in virtual and physical environments: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"7","author":"Norouzi-Gheidari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2988362","article-title":"Biomedical serious game System for lower limb motor rehabilitation of hemiparetic stroke patients","volume":"28","author":"Noveletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5544","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5544","article-title":"Translational effects of robot-mediated therapy in subacute stroke patients: an experimental evaluation of upper limb motor recovery","volume":"6","author":"Palermo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.1002574","article-title":"Effectiveness of commercial video gaming on fine motor control in chronic stroke within community-level rehabilitation","volume":"37","author":"Paquin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0563-3","article-title":"Intensive virtual reality and robotic based upper limb training compared to usual care, and associated cortical reorganization, in the acute and early sub-acute periods post-stroke: a feasibility study","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880447","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.880447","article-title":"The effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in physical recovery of stroke patients: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Patsaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639535","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.639535","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality in the rehabilitation of motor function of patients with subacute stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130571","article-title":"Considerations in the efficacy and effectiveness of virtual reality interventions for stroke rehabilitation: moving the field forward","volume":"95","author":"Proffitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00746-7","article-title":"Neurocognitive robot-assisted rehabilitation of hand function: a randomized control trial on motor recovery in subacute stroke","volume":"17","author":"Ranzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000405","article-title":"Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime?","volume":"31","author":"Rizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683703","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.683703","article-title":"Mirror visual feedback prior to robot-assisted training facilitates rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.12681\/healthresj.34734","article-title":"Suitability, usability and safety of fully immersive Virtual Reality applications for motor and cognitive rehabilitation in stroke patients preliminary data","volume":"10","author":"Roussou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health and Res. J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000036","article-title":"Short-term and long-term outcomes of serial robotic training for improving upper limb function in chronic stroke","volume":"37","author":"Sale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00452","article-title":"Neural patterns of reorganization after intensive robot-assisted virtual reality therapy and repetitive task practice in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30121-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Saposnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014188","article-title":"The interplay between cognitive and motor functioning in healthy older adults: findings from dual-task studies and implications for neurorehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Schaefer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204455","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204455","article-title":"Effect of a four-week virtual reality-based training versus conventional therapy on upper limb motor function after stroke: a multicenter parallel group randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Schuster-Amft","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06739-3","article-title":"Is the robotic rehabilitation that is added to intensive body rehabilitation effective for maximization of upper extremity motor recovery following a stroke? A randomized controlled study","volume":"44","author":"\u015eenocak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0125-x","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on distal upper extremity function and health-related quality of life: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. neuroengineering rehabilitation"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020712","article-title":"Perspectives of motor functional upper extremity recovery with the use of immersive virtual reality in stroke patients","volume":"23","author":"Sip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05431-8","article-title":"Evaluation of an upper limb robotic rehabilitation program on motor functions, quality of life, cognition, and emotional status in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Taravati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-171","article-title":"Training finger individuation with a mechatronic-virtual reality system leads to improved fine motor control post-stroke","volume":"11","author":"Thielbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.10.182","article-title":"Home-based upper extremity stroke therapy using a multiuser virtual reality environment: a randomized trial","volume":"101","author":"Thielbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.07.053","article-title":"Beyond motor recovery after stroke: the role of hand robotic rehabilitation plus virtual reality in improving cognitive function","volume":"92","author":"Torrisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2017.1394633","article-title":"Biofeedback vs game scores for reducing trunk compensation after stroke: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"25","author":"Vald\u00e9s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-12","article-title":"Video capture virtual reality as a flexible and effective rehabilitation tool","volume":"1","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. neuroengineering rehabilitation"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00699-x","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with virtual reality on upper limb function in patients with ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9840273","article-title":"The efficacy of a haptic-enhanced virtual reality System for precision grasp acquisition in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"2017","author":"Yeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3132944","article-title":"Effect of BCI-Controlled pedaling training System with multiple modalities of feedback on motor and cognitive function rehabilitation of early subacute stroke patients","volume":"29","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3272372","article-title":"An adaptive brain-computer interface to enhance motor recovery after stroke","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544135","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1544135","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality with different modalities on upper limb recovery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis on optimizing stroke rehabilitation","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. neurology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1653968\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:24:08Z","timestamp":1759314248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1653968\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2025.1653968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2025.1653968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"article-number":"1653968"}}