{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:20:44Z","timestamp":1772641244721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual reality has established itself as an effective tool for analyzing user experience and simulating everyday activities. However, there are still many questions remaining, such as how the type of movement in immersive environments influences this experience. The present study evaluated these variables in a virtual supermarket developed for Oculus Quest 2, with the aim of comparing the perceptual and cognitive experience under two navigation modalities: locomotion and joystick.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two young adults (18\u201332 years old) participated in both groups. Usability (SUS), presence (PQ), everyday memory (PRMQ), and cybersickness (CSQ-VR) questionnaires were administered, all with moderate and high reliability (\u03b1 = 0.685\u20130.912).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed high levels of usability in both conditions (SUS \u226579), with no statistically significant differences between navigation modes (p = 0.521). Natural presence was significantly higher in locomotion mode (6.17 vs. 5.47); however, this result should be interpreted with caution, as it was derived from exploratory subscale-level analyses (p = 0.038). Cybersickness symptoms remained low (p &amp;gt; 0.05). A very strong positive correlation was also observed between usability and presence in the joystick group (\u03c1 = 0.902; p &amp;lt; 0.001), indicating that interaction fluidity enhances immersion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both modes were ergonomic and safe, although with distinct profiles: physical locomotion increased perceptual naturalness, while the joystick reinforced the relationship between ease of use and immersion. These findings provide empirical evidence on how movement modulates the immersive experience and propose an experimental model, with implications for the design of virtual environments applicable to different populations in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2026.1729505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T11:16:20Z","timestamp":1772622980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of continuous navigation modes on the immersive experience in a virtual supermarket"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Avil\u00e9s-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica","place":["Ambato, Ecuador"]},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Communications, University of Zaragoza","place":["Teruel, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Buele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Mecatr\u00f3nica y Sistemas Interactivos (MIST), Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica","place":["Ambato, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica","place":["Ambato, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Palacios-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Communications, University of Zaragoza","place":["Teruel, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027552","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1027552","article-title":"Reduction of cybersickness in head mounted displays use: a systematic review and taxonomy of current strategies","volume":"4","author":"Ang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55939","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3554434","article-title":"Virtual reality and user experience: current trends and future challenges","volume":"13","author":"Avil\u00e9s-Castillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"47","article-title":"Working memory","volume-title":"Psychology of learning and motivation","author":"Baddeley","year":"1974"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3670008","article-title":"\u201cAre you feeling sick?\u201d \u2013 a systematic literature review of cybersickness in virtual reality","volume":"56","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"189","article-title":"SUS: a quick and dirty usability scale","volume-title":"Usability evaluation in industry","author":"Brooke","year":"1996"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2928304","article-title":"Locomotion in place in virtual reality: a comparative evaluation of Joystick, teleport, and leaning","volume":"27","author":"Buttussi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00513-6","article-title":"Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook","volume":"25","author":"Caserman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00607-1","article-title":"Immersive virtual-reality computer-assembly serious game to enhance autonomous learning","volume":"27","author":"Checa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000396","article-title":"Individual differences in teleporting through virtual environments","volume":"29","author":"Cherep","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0182-x","article-title":"Active and passive contributions to spatial learning","volume":"19","author":"Chrastil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-19879-1","article-title":"Natural- and redirected walking in virtual reality: spatial performance and user experience","volume":"84","author":"De Back","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2024.0039","article-title":"Usability and tolerability of virtual reality-based cognitive stimulation in healthy elderly Volunteers-A feasibility clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Faisal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103671","article-title":"On the role of interaction mode and story structure in virtual reality serious games","volume":"143","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. & Educ."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n1.35","article-title":"Spanish version of the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ-S)","volume":"14","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"694567","article-title":"A systematic review of physiological measurements, factors, methods, and applications in virtual reality","volume-title":"Front. Virtual Real.","author":"Halbig","year":"2021"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28073","DOI":"10.2196\/28073","article-title":"Usability and effectiveness of immersive virtual grocery shopping for assessing cognitive fatigue in healthy controls: protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Holdnack","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12143-y","article-title":"Virtual reality locomotion methods differentially affect spatial orientation and cybersickness during maze navigation","volume":"15","author":"Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of controller type on video game user experience","volume-title":"Virtual reality","author":"Hufnal","year":"2019"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"1258","volume-title":"A comparative study on locomotion methods and distance perception in immersive virtual reality","author":"Hussain","year":"2025"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.12.010","article-title":"Virtual reality applications toward medical field","volume":"8","author":"Javaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1699746","article-title":"A systematic review of a virtual reality system from the perspective of user experience","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00342","article-title":"Technological competence is a pre-condition for effective implementation of virtual reality head mounted displays in human neuroscience: a technological review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Kourtesis","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00417","article-title":"Validation of the virtual reality neuroscience questionnaire: maximum duration of immersive virtual reality sessions without the presence of pertinent adverse symptomatology","volume":"13","author":"Kourtesis","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds2010002","article-title":"Cybersickness in virtual reality questionnaire (CSQ-VR): a validation and comparison against SSQ and VRSQ","volume":"2","author":"Kourtesis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds3010004","article-title":"Cybersickness in virtual reality: the role of individual differences, its effects on cognitive functions and motor skills, and intensity differences during and after immersion","volume":"3","author":"Kourtesis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2250611","article-title":"Effects of posture and locomotion methods on postural stability, cybersickness, and presence in a virtual environment","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3234253.3234291","article-title":"Evaluation of locomotion techniques for room-scale VR: Joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking","volume-title":"Proceedings of the virtual reality international conference - laval virtual","author":"Langbehn","year":"2018"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/dietetics1020007","article-title":"The development of virtual worlds as a tool for providing virtual grocery Store tours","volume":"1","author":"Lanningham-Foster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dietetics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104652","article-title":"The effects of locomotion and steering methods in virtual reality on unintended positional drift","volume":"130","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113422","article-title":"The relationship between postural stability and cybersickness: it\u2019s complicated \u2013 an experimental trial assessing practical implications of cybersickness etiology","volume":"236","author":"Litleskare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology & Behav."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43337-x","article-title":"Higher cognitive load interferes with head-hand coordination: virtual reality-based study","volume":"13","author":"Lustig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010059","article-title":"Standing up for learning: a pilot investigation on the neurocognitive benefits of stand-biased school desks","volume":"13","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cFrontal Lobe\u201d tasks: a latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036577","article-title":"Give your ideas some legs: the positive effect of walking on creative thinking","volume":"40","author":"Oppezzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cognition"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40510-0","article-title":"The role of sense of presence in expressing cognitive abilities in a virtual reality task: an initial validation study","volume":"13","author":"Palombi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127237","article-title":"The role of personalization in the user experience, preferences and engagement with virtual reality environments for relaxation","volume":"19","author":"Pardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0330084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330084","article-title":"Usability, sense of presence, and performance of a virtual reality emotion recognition task","volume":"20","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ferrara","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5070031","article-title":"Comparison of controller-based locomotion techniques for visual observation in virtual reality","volume":"5","author":"Rantala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol. Interact."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423911","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.1423911","article-title":"Comparison of teleportation and walking in virtual reality in a declarative learning task","volume":"5","author":"Rihs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1708612","article-title":"User acceptance of virtual reality: an extended technology acceptance model","volume":"36","author":"Sagnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12123","article-title":"Age and active navigation effects on episodic memory: a virtual reality study","volume":"107","author":"Sauz\u00e9on","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639718","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.639718","article-title":"The use of virtual and augmented reality by older adults: potentials and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Seifert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21161","DOI":"10.2196\/21161","article-title":"Spanish version of the System usability scale for the assessment of electronic tools: development and validation","volume":"7","author":"Sevilla-Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210050117735","article-title":"Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: a questionnaire study","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161932","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1161932","article-title":"Design guidelines for limiting and eliminating virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects at work: a comprehensive, factor-oriented review","volume":"14","author":"Souchet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3130967","article-title":"VRShop: a Mobile interactive virtual reality shopping environment combining the benefits of On- and offline shopping","volume":"1","author":"Speicher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582204","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.582204","article-title":"Latency and cybersickness: impact, causes, and measures","volume":"1","author":"Stauffert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designing grocery shopping experiences for virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 international conference on advanced visual interfaces","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-0213(88)90023-7","article-title":"Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6050031","article-title":"Temporal development of sense of presence and cybersickness during an immersive VR experience","volume":"6","author":"Thorp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol. Interact."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-4703-8","article-title":"Multimedia and sensory input for augmented, mixed, and virtual reality","author":"Tyagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IGI Glob"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054609","article-title":"Influence of hand tracking in immersive virtual reality for memory assessment","volume":"20","author":"Varela-Ald\u00e1s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00782-3","article-title":"Presence and simulator sickness predict the usability of a virtual reality attention task","volume":"27","author":"Voinescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","article-title":"Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review","volume":"10","author":"Weech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"743","article-title":"The human factors of helmet-mounted displays and sights","volume-title":"Electro-Optical displays","author":"Wells","year":"1992"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds4020021","article-title":"The use of different technologies to provide a virtual grocery Store tour for nutrition education","volume":"4","author":"Woodall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virtual Worlds"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2026.1729505\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T11:16:22Z","timestamp":1772622982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2026.1729505\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2026.1729505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2026.1729505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4192","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"article-number":"1729505"}}