{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:23:21Z","timestamp":1790807001378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Biochim. Pol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tooth enamel and dentin are the most highly mineralized tissues in the human body, and their structural stability depends on the balanced content of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and fluoride (F). Demineralization leads to the loss of these ions, weakening the tooth structure and increasing susceptibility to caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate elemental changes in Ca, P, and F in intact, demineralized, and remineralized teeth across the enamel, dentin\u2013enamel junction and peripulpal dentin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>45 extracted human teeth were longitudinally sectioned to yield 90 paired specimens. One half of each tooth served as a baseline (intact) control, while the corresponding half was subjected to acid-induced demineralization. Following demineralization, the experimental halves were randomly assigned to one of three remineralization protocols (n = 15 per group): fluoride varnish, fluoride toothpaste with rinsing, and fluoride toothpaste without rinsing. Elemental composition was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Statistical analysis included paired t-tests for within-tooth comparisons and one-way ANOVA for treatment effects (p &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, enamel exhibited significantly higher calcium and phosphorus levels compared to dentin regions. Demineralization resulted in a significant reduction in mineral content, particularly in dentin, along with complete loss of detectable fluoride (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Remineralization increased calcium and fluoride levels across all groups. Fluoride varnish showed the highest fluoride retention trend, particularly in enamel; however, no statistically significant differences were observed among treatment groups for calcium and phosphorus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoride-based treatments contributed to partial remineralization of tooth hard tissues. Fluoride varnish showed a tendency toward greater fluoride incorporation, particularly in enamel; however, statistically significant superiority over other treatment approaches was not demonstrated. These findings support the role of fluoride in remineralization while highlighting the need for further clinically relevant studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/abp.2026.16706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1780981820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Elemental changes in tooth hard tissues during demineralization and fluoride-induced remineralization: an SEM-EDX study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Svanishvili","family":"Nino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Tbilisi State Medical University","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]},{"name":"Dental Clinic, Training and Research Center UniDent","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamaladze","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Tbilisi State Medical University","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]},{"name":"Dental Clinic, Training and Research Center UniDent","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Labanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadachkoria","family":"Dea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Tbilisi State Medical University","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]},{"name":"Dental Clinic, Training and Research Center UniDent","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"20180564","article-title":"In vitro demineralization prevention by fluoride and silver nanoparticles when applied to sound enamel and enamel caries-like lesions of varying severities","volume":"27","author":"Aldhaian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2004.10.014","article-title":"Dental erosion: Prevention and control","volume":"33","author":"Amaechi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"3","article-title":"The global increase in dental caries: A pending public health crisis","volume":"22","author":"Bagramian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"181","article-title":"Innovative approaches in the prevention and treatment of dental caries","volume":"61","author":"Borges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000325151","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control","volume":"22","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"423","article-title":"Morphological analysis of dentin","volume":"25","author":"Camargo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz Dent. J."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"305","article-title":"Protocols to study dental caries in vitro: ph-cycling models","volume-title":"Methods Mol Biol","author":"Ccahuana-V\u00e1squez","year":"2019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9969(02)00006-7","article-title":"Nanoindentation mapping of enamel","volume":"47","author":"Cuy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-77572004000200008","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the cariostatic effect between topical application of fluoride gels and fluoride toothpaste","volume":"12","author":"Delbem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"135","article-title":"In vitro models used in the formation of root caries lesions: A review of the literature","volume":"96","author":"Dohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2008.00064.x","article-title":"Dental caries: A dynamic disease process","volume":"53","author":"Featherstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management","author":"Fejerskov","year":"2015"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2741\/e281","article-title":"Dentin: structure and mineralization","volume":"3","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Elite Ed."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.28.3.w0610427l746j34n","article-title":"Biological factors in dental caries: role of the acquired pellicle, bacteria, and diet in enamel and root caries","volume":"28","author":"Hicks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"70","article-title":"Chemical factors influencing the progression of dental erosion","volume":"42","author":"Lussi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690S119","article-title":"Cariostatic mechanisms of fluorides","volume":"69","author":"Margolis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Preservation and Restoration of Tooth Structure","author":"Mount","year":"2005"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"130","article-title":"Current state and challenges of the global outcomes of dental caries research in the meta-omics era","volume":"62","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2003589","article-title":"Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases","volume":"7","author":"Moynihan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300306","article-title":"Collagen degradation in dentin","volume":"83","author":"Pashley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of dental health promotion in the prevention of oral diseases","volume":"42","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"844","article-title":"Enamel and dentin remineralization by fluoride toothpastes: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"45","article-title":"Evaluation of calcium and phosphorus distribution in enamel and dentin using EDX","volume":"345","author":"Svanishvili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"22","article-title":"Fluoride varnish effectiveness on early demineralized lesions: an SEM-EDX study","author":"Svanishvili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Georgian Biomed. News"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Changes of microelements in human tooth enamel and dentin under normal and experimental caries conditions","author":"Svanishvili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forthcoming. Exp. Clin. Med. Ga"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Oral Histology: Development, Structure and Function","author":"Ten Cate","year":"2013"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"287","article-title":"The application of in vitro models to research on demineralization and remineralization of the teeth","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985881","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.985881","article-title":"Advanced materials for enamel remineralization","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)00818-7","article-title":"Dental caries process","volume":"43","author":"Zero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"73","article-title":"The effectiveness of fluoride therapies and caries prevention","volume":"88","author":"Zero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."}],"container-title":["Acta Biochimica Polonica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/abp.2026.16706\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:10:25Z","timestamp":1780981825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/abp.2026.16706\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/abp.2026.16706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/abp.2026.16706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1734-154X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1734-154X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"article-number":"16706"}}