{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:53:25Z","timestamp":1791215605883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv. Drug Alcohol Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing prevalence of people who inject drugs (PWID) among populations at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a critical public health concern, particularly in Africa. This issue is associated with substantial health-related effects among populations at high risk for HIV\/AIDS. Hence, our study aimed to analyze the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol and substance dependence, and depressive symptoms among populations at high risk for HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study with 480 respondents living in Kigali, Rwanda, who self-identified as being at high risk for HIV\/AIDS and were recruited via snowball sampling. Chi-square bivariate analyses were used to explore associations with PWID status. Variables that were significant in the bivariate analyses were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, in which adjusted odds ratios were used to determine factors associated with PWID status. A 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level were used to evaluate statistical associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 480 respondents, 86.25% reported symptoms of depression, and 31.5% were identified as PWID. Notably, 78% were male and were between 18\u00a0years and 45 years of age. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that participants with substance dependence [aOR = 3.547; 95% CI (1.159\u201310.857)] and those who used marijuana [aOR = 3.261; 95% CI (1.380\u20137.708)] were more likely to be PWID than their counterparts. Furthermore, individuals with depressive symptoms [aOR = 4.50; 95% CI (2.55\u20137.96), p = 0.018] were also more likely to be PWID than their counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study indicated that substance use and alcohol-related behaviors, as well as mental health concerns such as depressive symptoms, were significantly associated with injecting drug use. The findings support the promotion of harm-reduction and prevention strategies that incorporate mental health programs for populations at high risk for HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/adar.2026.16156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:10:10Z","timestamp":1790831410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Profile of risk factors for people who inject drugs among a sample at high risk of HIV\/AIDS in Kigali, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Habimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University","place":["Loma Linda, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Rwanda Resilience and Grounding Organization (RRGO)","place":["Kigali, 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