{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:33:40Z","timestamp":1793158420944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br. J. Biomed. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although mRNA-based vaccines have been in development for over two decades, their widespread use only emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The success of these vaccines has brought mRNA technology to the forefront of efforts to develop novel vaccines. However, as this is a rapidly evolving field, there is a need for a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current evidence base to guide further research and development. This study, therefore, systematically reviewed the literature on clinical trials using mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases other than COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic review of the literature, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, identified clinical trials in infectious diseases other than COVID-19. PubMed and\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      were screened for such clinical trials using search terms related to mRNA vaccines, and the results of the two independent searches were combined. Clinical trials using mRNA vaccines against either COVID-19 or non-communicable diseases were removed, as were duplicated studies. The remaining clinical trials were then stratified based on pathogen, status, and phase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine hundred and seventy-six clinical trials were identified, of which 83 met the inclusion criteria. These included candidate mRNA vaccines against 14 viral, two bacterial and one protozoan infection. Of these, 43 trials have concluded, 21 are active, and a further 12 are recruiting, with the remaining not yet recruiting, enrolling by invitation, or withdrawn. Of the 43 completed clinical trials, 26 were phase I trials, eight were phase I\/II trials, three were phase II trials, and six were phase III trials. The clinical trials captured in this systematic review included combined vaccines, with two or more vaccines administered at the same time, and mRNA vaccines designed to encode pathogen structural components, in addition to pathogen-specific antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review identified clinical trials investigating mRNA vaccine candidates against multiple infectious diseases, other than COVID-19, with the majority targeting viral infections. Despite the lack of long-term data, this systematic review suggests that these mRNA vaccine candidates are safe and effective with the potential to shape the field of preventive medicine. Beyond the prevention of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines are showing promise against cancer and potential applications in autoimmune and other diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2025.14557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1752815416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Using mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases other than COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Athina","family":"Sofroniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.038","article-title":"mRNA Vaccines Manufacturing: Challenges and Bottlenecks","volume":"39","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111920","article-title":"Vaccination Strategies Based on Bacterial Self-Assembling Proteins as Antigen Delivery 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Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of mRNA-1944 in Healthy Adults\n          \n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Identifier; NCT03325075. 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Safety and Immunogenicity of One Monovalent Modified mRNA Vaccine Encoding Influenza Hemagglutinin with LNP, in Adult Participants Aged 18 to 49 Years and 60 Years and above\n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Identifier NCT05823974, A Study to Assess the Safety and Immune Response of a Vaccine against Influenza in Healthy Younger and Older Adults\n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Identifier NCT05540522, A Study to Evaluate a Modified RNA Vaccine against Influenza in Adults 18 Years of Age or Older\n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"Identifier NCT05426174, Phase I, Randomized, Modified Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled, Multi-Arm, Dose-Escalation Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of Monovalent mRNA NA Vaccine in Adult Participants 18 Years of Age and Older\n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Identifier NCT05227001, A Study to Learn about the Study Vaccine (Called Self-Amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)) for the Prevention of Influenza\n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Identifier NCT05398796. Dose Escalation, Open-Label Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of a Nipah Virus (NiV) mRNA Vaccine, mRNA-1215, in Healthy Adults\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Identifier NCT02241135, RNActive\u00ae Rabies Vaccine (CV7201) in Healthy Adults\n          \n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Identifier NCT03713086, A Study to Assess the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immune Response of CureVac's Candidate Rabies mRNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"Identifier NCT04528719, A Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1345 in Healthy Adults and in Children Who Are Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Seropositive\n          \n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Identifier NCT06060457, A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immune Response of mRNA-1345, a Vaccine Targeting Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), when Co-administered with a Fluzone HD","volume-title":"Adults \u226565 Years of Age","year":"2024"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Identifier NCT05330975, A Study of mRNA-1345 Vaccine Targeting Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Adults \u226550 Years of Age","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSVictory"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1829899","article-title":"A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based RSV Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Healthy Younger and Older Adults","volume":"17","author":"Aliprantis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin and Immunother"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Identifier NCT03014089, Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1325 in Healthy Adult Subjects\n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"Identifier NCT04064905, Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Zika Vaccine mRNA-1893 in Healthy Flavivirus Seropositive and Seronegative Adults\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"Identifier NCT04917861, A Study of Zika Vaccine mRNA-1893 in Adult Participants Living in Endemic and Non-endemic Flavivirus Areas\n          \n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"Identifier NCT04144348, Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1653, a Combined Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) Vaccine, in Healthy Adults, and Children 12 to 59 Months of Age with Serologic Evidence of Prior Exposure\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"Identifier NCT03392389, Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1653 in Healthy Adults\n          \n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"Identifier NCT06237296, Study of the Safety and Immune Response of an Investigational mRNA Vaccine for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus And\/or 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