{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:57:42Z","timestamp":1776837462148,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br. J. Biomed. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID (LC) presents persistent symptoms that pose a major clinical challenge. Identification of reliable biomarkers to evaluate LC pathophysiology is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether serum S- and N-antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins reflect the clinical features of LC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study included patients diagnosed with Omicron variant-related LC who attended a post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic between July 2023 and November 2024 and provided informed consent for antibody testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 275 patients (129 men and 146 women), 57 (21%) were unvaccinated. Median S- and N-antibody titers in vaccinated versus unvaccinated patients were 20,963\u00a0U\/mL and 24.8 cut-off index (COI) versus 24\u00a0U\/mL and 44.5 COI, respectively. S-antibody titers were associated with the number of vaccine doses received, whereas N-antibody titers correlated with disease severity during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection, with females having higher titers by multivariable analysis. N-antibody titers in unvaccinated patients with LC were negatively correlated with time interval from infection to clinic visit, with an estimated daily decline of 0.34% in measured N-antibody levels. Patients with LC having memory impairment had low S-antibody titers by multivariable logistic regression analysis, and low S-antibody levels were associated with reduced quality of life (QOL). Additionally, N-antibody titers positively correlated with lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum N-antibody titers reflect immune responses to COVID-19, although they are affected by gender differences and interval between infection and evaluation. Lower S-antibody titers were associated with brain fog symptoms and reduced QOL in patients with LC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2026.16255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1776834616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Utility of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers in the Management of Patients With Long COVID Infected With the Omicron Variant"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasue","family":"Sakurada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Tokumasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yui","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Omura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuyoshi","family":"Matsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Higashikage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2408466","article-title":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long C. 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