{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:45:32Z","timestamp":1787503532986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS54246 NS72782 NS75012 NS82244 NS111498 NS118397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS54246 NS72782 NS75012 NS82244 NS111498 NS118397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH1810099 W81XWH2110198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1810099 W81XWH2110198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dystonia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    DYT1 dystonia is an inherited early-onset movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting, repetitive movements, and abnormal postures. Most DYT1 patients have a heterozygous trinucleotide GAG deletion mutation (\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394GAG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in\n                    <jats:italic>DYT1\/TOR1A,<\/jats:italic>\n                    coding for torsinA.\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    heterozygous \u0394GAG knock-in (KI) mice show motor deficits and reduced striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D2R). Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are essential in regulating striatal motor circuits. Multiple dystonia rodent models, including KI mice, show altered ChI firing and modulation. However, due to the errors in assigning KI mice, it is essential to replicate these findings in genetically confirmed KI mice. Here, we found irregular and decreased spontaneous firing frequency in the acute brain slices from\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KI mice. Quinpirole, a D2R agonist, showed less inhibitory effect on the spontaneous ChI firing in\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KI mice, suggesting decreased D2R function on the striatal ChIs. On the other hand, a muscarinic receptor agonist, muscarine, inhibited the ChI firing in both wild-type (WT) and\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KI mice. Trihexyphenidyl, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist, had no significant effect on the firing. Moreover, the resting membrane property and functions of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, \u03bc-opioid receptors, and large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels were unaffected in\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KI mice. The results suggest that the irregular and low-frequency firing and decreased D2R function are the main alterations of striatal ChIs in\n                    <jats:italic>Dyt1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KI mice. These results appear consistent with the reduced dopamine release and high striatal acetylcholine tone in the previous reports.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/dyst.2022.10557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:12:09Z","timestamp":1658362329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Electrophysiological Characterization of the Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Knock-In Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel Luz","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"Torres-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2337","article-title":"The Pathophysiological Basis of Dystonias","volume":"9","author":"Breakefield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and Classification of Dystonia: A Consensus Update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-40","article-title":"The Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia Gene (DYT1) Encodes an ATP-Binding Protein","volume":"17","author":"Ozelius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10610","article-title":"Impaired Sequence Learning in Carriers of the DYT1 Dystonia Mutation","volume":"54","author":"Ghilardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr060","article-title":"Impaired Sequence Learning in Dystonia Mutation Carriers: A Genotypic Effect","volume":"134","author":"Carbon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.33.10.1255","article-title":"High Dosage Anticholinergic Therapy in Dystonia","volume":"33","author":"Fahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70574-9","article-title":"Treatment of Dystonia","volume":"5","author":"Jankovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.08.025","article-title":"Generation and Characterization of Dyt1 DeltaGAG Knock-In Mouse as a Model for Early-Onset Dystonia","volume":"196","author":"Dang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.11.010","article-title":"Loss of the Dystonia-Associated Protein torsinA Selectively Disrupts the Neuronal Nuclear Envelope","volume":"48","author":"Goodchild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.02.029","article-title":"Improved Motor Performance in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Heterozygous Knock-In Mice by Cerebellar Purkinje-Cell Specific Dyt1 Conditional Knocking-Out","volume":"230","author":"Yokoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.003715","article-title":"Chemical Enhancement of torsinA Function in Cell and Animal Models of Torsion Dystonia","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.05.009","article-title":"Functional Analysis of Dopaminergic Systems in a DYT1 Knock-In Mouse Model of Dystonia","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113137","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Striatal Dopamine Receptor 2 in Motor Coordination and Balance: Insights into the Pathogenesis of DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"113137","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvj138","article-title":"Myoclonus, Motor Deficits, Alterations in Emotional Responses and Monoamine Metabolism in Epsilon-Sarcoglycan Deficient Mice","volume":"140","author":"Yokoi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.009","article-title":"Characterization of Atp1a3 Mutant Mice as a Model of Rapid-Onset Dystonia with Parkinsonism","volume":"216","author":"DeAndrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25583","article-title":"Engineering Animal Models of Dystonia","volume":"28","author":"Oleas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405195-9.00028-7","article-title":"Rodent Models of Autosomal Dominant Primary Dystonia","volume-title":"Movement Disorders: Genetics and Models","author":"Oleas","year":"2015"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108728","article-title":"Models of Dystonia: An Update","volume":"339","author":"Imbriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.07.002","article-title":"Genetic Animal Models of Dystonia: Common Features and Diversities","volume":"121","author":"Richter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.024","article-title":"Generation of a Novel Rodent Model for DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"47","author":"Grundmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.201411080","article-title":"Mutant Human torsinA, Responsible for Early-Onset Dystonia, Dominantly Suppresses GTPCH Expression, Dopamine Levels and Locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"4","author":"Wakabayashi-Ito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh208","article-title":"A Drosophila Model of Early Onset Torsion Dystonia Suggests Impairment in TGF-\u03b2 Signaling","volume":"13","author":"Koh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.10.002","article-title":"An Anticholinergic Reverses Motor Control and Corticostriatal LTD Deficits in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Knock-In Mice","volume":"226","author":"Dang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26677","article-title":"Electromyographic Evidence in Support of a Knock-In Mouse Model of DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"31","author":"DeAndrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.037","article-title":"Decreased Dopamine Receptor 1 Activity and Impaired Motor-Skill Transfer in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Heterozygous Knock-In Mice","volume":"279","author":"Yokoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2021.05.003","article-title":"Reversal of Motor-Skill Transfer Impairment by Trihexyphenidyl and Reduction of Dorsolateral Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Knock-In Mice","volume":"11","author":"Yokoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn173","article-title":"Dystonia-associated Mutations Cause Premature Degradation of torsinA Protein and Cell-type-specific Mislocalization to the Nuclear Envelope","volume":"17","author":"Giles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.09.028","article-title":"Consequences of the DYT1 Mutation on torsinA Oligomerization and Degradation","volume":"157","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.09.005","article-title":"Motor Deficits and Hyperactivity in Dyt1 Knockdown Mice","volume":"56","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120916","article-title":"Behavioral and Electrophysiological Characterization of Dyt1 Heterozygous Knockout Mice","volume":"10","author":"Yokoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvm191","article-title":"Motor Deficits and Hyperactivity in Cerebral Cortex-specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice","volume":"143","author":"Yokoi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2532","article-title":"Emx1-specific Expression of Foreign Genes Using \"Knock-In\" Approach","volume":"270","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024539","article-title":"Motor Deficits and Decreased Striatal Dopamine Receptor 2 Binding Activity in the Striatum-specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice","volume":"6","author":"Yokoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15254","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601758103","article-title":"Disrupted Motor Learning and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Mice Lacking NMDAR1 in the Striatum","volume":"103","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.04.015","article-title":"Cholinergic Dysregulation Produced by Selective Inactivation of the Dystonia-Associated Protein torsinA","volume":"47","author":"Sciamanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105342","article-title":"Alteration of the Cholinergic System and Motor Deficits in Cholinergic Neuron-specific Dyt1 Knockout Mice","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104638","article-title":"Decreased Number of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons and Motor Deficits in Dopamine Receptor 2-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice","volume":"134","author":"Yokoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113381","article-title":"Characterization of the Direct Pathway in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Heterozygous Knock-In Mice and Dopamine Receptor 1-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice","volume":"411","author":"Yokoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22775","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22775","article-title":"A Role for Cerebellum in the Hereditary Dystonia DYT1","volume":"6","author":"Fremont","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0825-6","article-title":"Current Opinions and Areas of Consensus on the Role of the Cerebellum in Dystonia","volume":"16","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112451","article-title":"Improved Survival and Overt \"dystonic\" Symptoms in a torsinA Hypofunction Mouse Model","volume":"381","author":"Yokoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72830","article-title":"TorsinA Hypofunction Causes Abnormal Twisting Movements and Sensorimotor Circuit Neurodegeneration","volume":"124","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072491","article-title":"Pre-synaptic Release Deficits in a DYT1 Dystonia Mouse Model","volume":"8","author":"Yokoi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21534","article-title":"Synaptic Vesicle Recycling is Enhanced by torsinA that Harbors the DYT1 Dystonia Mutation","volume":"66","author":"Kakazu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21571","article-title":"Miniature Release Events of Glutamate from Hippocampal Neurons are Influenced by the Dystonia-Associated Protein torsinA","volume":"66","author":"Kakazu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.05.047","article-title":"Abnormal Cytoplasmic Calcium Dynamics in central Neurons of a Dystonia Mouse Model","volume":"548","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08352","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08352","article-title":"Forebrain Deletion of the Dystonia Protein torsinA Causes Dystonic-like Movements and Loss of Striatal Cholinergic Neurons","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024261","article-title":"Developmental Profile of the Aberrant Dopamine D2 Receptor Response in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"6","author":"Sciamanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.01.016","article-title":"Regional Specificity of Synaptic Plasticity Deficits in a Knock-In Mouse Model of DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"65","author":"Martella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27212","article-title":"Enhanced Mu Opioid Receptor-dependent Opioidergic Modulation of Striatal Cholinergic Transmission in DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"33","author":"Ponterio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.053","article-title":"The Mechanism of Intrinsic Amplification of Hyperpolarizations and Spontaneous Bursting in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"45","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8493","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.20-22-08493.2000","article-title":"Intrinsic Membrane Properties Underlying Spontaneous Tonic Firing in Neostriatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"20","author":"Bennett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2734-05.2005","article-title":"Control of Spontaneous Firing Patterns by the Selective Coupling of Calcium Currents to Calcium-Activated Potassium Currents in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"25","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8396","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5582-08.2009","article-title":"Nonequilibrium Calcium Dynamics Regulate the Autonomous Firing Pattern of Rat Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"29","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.077","article-title":"Cholinergic Transmission at Muscarinic Synapses in the Striatum Is Driven Equally by Cortical and Thalamic Inputs","volume":"28","author":"Mamaligas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0589-14.2014","article-title":"Multiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents","volume":"34","author":"Straub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.027","article-title":"Dopamine Neurons Control Striatal Cholinergic Neurons via Regionally Heterogeneous Dopamine and Glutamate Signaling","volume":"81","author":"Chuhma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2014.00022","article-title":"Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Regulation and Circuit Effects","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15074","article-title":"M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of GABA Release from Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons onto Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"53","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.16-08-02592.1996","article-title":"Muscarinic (M2\/m4) Receptors Reduce N- and P-type Ca2+ Currents in Rat Neostriatal Cholinergic Interneurons through a Fast, Membrane-Delimited, G-Protein Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1700","article-title":"RGS4-dependent Attenuation of M4 Autoreceptor Function in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Following Dopamine Depletion","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.15-01-00458.1995","article-title":"Muscarinic Receptors Modulate N-P-And L-type Ca2+ Currents in Rat Striatal Neurons through Parallel Pathways","volume":"15","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.010","article-title":"Dopaminergic Control of Corticostriatal Long-Term Synaptic Depression in Medium Spiny Neurons is Mediated by Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(01)00039-2","article-title":"Coordinated Expression of Muscarinic Receptor Messenger RNAs in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons","volume":"103","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226080","article-title":"Subtle Changes in Striatal Muscarinic M1 and M4 Receptor Expression in the DYT1 Knock-In Mouse Model of Dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.021","article-title":"Spontaneous Synaptic Activation of Muscarinic Receptors by Striatal Cholinergic Neuron Firing","volume":"91","author":"Mamaligas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.038","article-title":"Striatal Dopamine Release is Triggered by Synchronized Activity in Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"75","author":"Threlfell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2155-04.2004","article-title":"D2 Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Voltage-dependent Na+ Channels Reduces Autonomous Activity in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"24","author":"Maurice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2009.07.004","article-title":"Increased C-Fos Expression in the central Nucleus of the Amygdala and Enhancement of Cued Fear Memory in Dyt1 DeltaGAG Knock-In Mice","volume":"65","author":"Yokoi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0313-3","article-title":"Reproducibility of Animal Research in Light of Biological Variation","volume":"21","author":"Voelkl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0277-19.2019","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0277-19.2019","article-title":"The Role of BTBD9 in Striatum and Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15177","article-title":"Deficiency of Meis1, a Transcriptional Regulator, in Mice and Worms: Neurochemical and Behavioral Characterizations with Implications in the Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"155","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.19-13-05586.1999","article-title":"Spontaneous Activity of Neostriatal Cholinergic Interneurons In Vitro","volume":"19","author":"Bennett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"387","article-title":"Dendritic Organization in the Neurons of the Visual and Motor Cortices of the Cat","volume":"87","author":"Sholl","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2331554","article-title":"The Probable Error of a Mean","volume":"6","author":"Student","year":"1908","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.02.002","article-title":"Striatal Cholinergic Dysfunction as a Unifying Theme in the Pathophysiology of Dystonia","author":"Eskow Jaunarajs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9283","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809283","article-title":"RGS9-2 Rescues Dopamine D2 Receptor Levels and Signaling in DYT1 Dystonia Mouse Models","volume":"11","author":"Bonsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd3904","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd3904","article-title":"The HIV Protease Inhibitor, Ritonavir, Corrects Diverse Brain Phenotypes across Development in Mouse Model of DYT-TOR1A Dystonia","volume":"13","author":"Caffall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.06.005","article-title":"Strength of Cholinergic Tone Dictates the Polarity of Dopamine D2 Receptor Modulation of Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Excitability in DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"295","author":"Scarduzio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5879","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.177600","article-title":"IH Current Generates the Afterhyperpolarisation Following Activation of Subthreshold Cortical Synaptic Inputs to Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"587","author":"Oswald","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01078","article-title":"Mu Opioid Receptor Heterodimers Emerge as Novel Therapeutic Targets: Recent Progress and Future Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.006","article-title":"Powerful Inhibitory Action of Mu Opioid Receptors (MOR) on Cholinergic Interneuron Excitability in the Dorsal Striatum","volume":"75","author":"Ponterio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1532257100","article-title":"A Ring of Eight Conserved Negatively Charged Amino Acids Doubles the Conductance of BK Channels and Prevents Inward Rectification","volume":"100","author":"Brelidze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200709862","article-title":"Intrinsic Electrostatic Potential in the BK Channel Pore: Role in Determining Single Channel Conductance and Block","volume":"131","author":"Carvacho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.12.002","article-title":"Opening Paths to Novel Analgesics: The Role of Potassium Channels in Chronic Pain","volume":"37","author":"Tsantoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.03.007","article-title":"Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology of Dystonia: Focus on torsinA","volume":"127","author":"Gonzalez-Alegre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0407-19.2019","article-title":"Diverse Mechanisms Lead to Common Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Distinct Genetic Mouse Models of Dystonia","volume":"39","author":"Eskow Jaunarajs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.04.015","article-title":"Overexpression of Human Wildtype torsinA and Human DeltaGAG torsinA in a Transgenic Mouse Model Causes Phenotypic Abnormalities","volume":"27","author":"Grundmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20238","article-title":"Opioid Binding in DYT1 Primary Torsion Dystonia: An 11C-Diprenorphine PET Study","volume":"19","author":"Whone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280101220","article-title":"Molecular Defects of the Dystonia-Causing torsinA Mutation","volume":"17","author":"Pham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12762","article-title":"Cholinergic Interneurons in the Dorsal and Ventral Striatum: Anatomical and Functional Considerations in normal and Diseased Conditions","volume":"1349","author":"Gonzales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23295","article-title":"GABAergic Inputs from Direct and Indirect Striatal Projection Neurons onto Cholinergic Interneurons in the Primate Putamen","volume":"521","author":"Gonzales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7210.623","article-title":"Acute Dystonia Induced by Drug Treatment","volume":"319","author":"van Harten","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-236","article-title":"Hereditary Progressive Dystonia with Marked Diurnal Fluctuation Caused by Mutations in the GTP Cyclohydrolase I Gene","volume":"8","author":"Ichinose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308088101","article-title":"Effect of torsinA on Membrane Proteins Reveals a Loss of Function and a Dominant-Negative Phenotype of the Dystonia-Associated DeltaE-torsinA Mutant","volume":"101","author":"Torres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvq078","article-title":"Earlier Onset of Motor Deficits in Mice with Double Mutations in Dyt1 and Sgce","volume":"148","author":"Yokoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.09.011","article-title":"The Abnormal Firing of Purkinje Cells in the Knockin Mouse Model of DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(90)90186-4","article-title":"Muscarinic and Dopaminergic Receptor Subtypes on Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons","volume":"25","author":"Dawson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1186","article-title":"Muscarinic M1 and M2 Receptor Proteins in Local Circuit and Projection Neurons of the Primate Striatum: Anatomical Evidence for Cholinergic Modulation of Glutamatergic Prefronto-Striatal Pathways","volume":"434","author":"Alcantara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.11.012","article-title":"Functional Genomic Analyses of Mendelian and Sporadic Disease Identify Impaired eIF2\u03b1 Signaling as a Generalizable Mechanism for Dystonia","volume":"92","author":"Rittiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018357","article-title":"Altered Dendritic Morphology of Purkinje Cells in Dyt1 \u0394GAG Knock-In and Purkinje Cell-specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.10.003","article-title":"Subtle Microstructural Changes of the Cerebellum in a Knock-In Mouse Model of DYT1 Dystonia","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.008","article-title":"Subtle Microstructural Changes of the Striatum in a DYT1 Knock-In Mouse Model of Dystonia","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"}],"container-title":["Dystonia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/dyst.2022.10557\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T12:02:58Z","timestamp":1678190578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/dyst.2022.10557\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/dyst.2022.10557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/dyst.2022.10557","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"article-number":"10557"}}