{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:46:20Z","timestamp":1753890380066,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ebm-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Exp. Biol. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>High body mass index (BMI) is presumed to signify high amounts of fat (subcutaneous adipose tissue) distributed across the body. High amounts of fat co-occurring with increased BMI has been cited as a potential neuroimaging barrier. Presence of increased fat may result in high electrical impedance and increased light diffusion\u2014resulting in low signal to noise ratios during electroencepholography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) measurements. Examining if subcutaneous fat in the head increases with respect to total body fat percentage and BMI in school-aged children and adolescents is an essential next step in developing possible mathematical corrections for neuroimaging modalities. We hypothesized that percentage of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region would increase with respect to both total body fat percentage and BMI. Increased subcutaneous head fat percentage was associated with a positive linear relationship with BMI and a quadratic relationship with total body fat. The data indicate that participant age, sex, and adiposity should be considered in the development of model corrections for neuroimaging signal processing in school-aged children and adolescents. Strength of regression coefficients in our models differed from those in adults, indicating that age-specific models should be utilized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2024.10030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T14:13:42Z","timestamp":1707401622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index in children and young adults aged 8\u201319 years: implications for functional neuroimaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Gorniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Yazdekhasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pollonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Controlling the global obesity epidemic","year":"2024","key":"B1"},{"volume-title":"World obesity day 2022 \u2013 accelerating action to stop obesity","year":"2022","key":"B2"},{"volume-title":"Childhood obesity facts | overweight and obesity","year":"2022","key":"B3"},{"volume-title":"Obesity and overweight","year":"2021","key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.011","article-title":"The relationship between BMI and percent body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance, in a large adult sample is curvilinear and influenced by age and sex","volume":"29","author":"Meeuwsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/children8040288","article-title":"Changes in children\u2019s body composition and posture during puberty growth","volume":"8","author":"Rusek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"volume-title":"All about adult BMI","year":"2021","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081244","article-title":"The association between obesity and depression among children and the role of family: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Kanellopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.102997","article-title":"Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index: implications for functional neuroimaging","volume":"85","author":"Gorniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Move Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0310-y","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy for body fat sensing in neonates: quantitative analysis by GAMOS simulations","volume":"16","author":"Mustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.052","article-title":"Electroencephalography","volume":"29","author":"Biasiucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/630649","article-title":"Improvement of EEG signal acquisition: an electrical aspect for state of the art of front end","volume":"2010","author":"Usakli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Intelligence Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150316","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1150316","article-title":"Design of virtual BCI channels based on informer","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: five important issues we aren\u2019t discussing (but probably should be)","volume":"8","author":"Horvath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1224-2","article-title":"Using transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to understand cognitive processing","volume":"79","author":"Reinhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0613-2","article-title":"Adaptive filtering of physiological noises in fNIRS data","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMedical Eng Online"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01046-0","article-title":"Addressing racial and phenotypic bias in human neuroscience methods","volume":"25","author":"Webb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-551\u20130_35","article-title":"Cognitive and sensorimotor tasks for assessing functional impairments in mouse models of alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders","volume":"849","author":"Boutajangout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"volume-title":"NHANES 2005-2006 overview","year":"2023","key":"B19"},{"volume-title":"Exempt review categories","year":"2024","key":"B20"},{"volume-title":"NHANES 1999-2006 DXA multiple imputation data files","year":"2016","key":"B21"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.05.011","article-title":"Computational modeling of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in obesity: impact of head fat and dose guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Truong","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.257","article-title":"Does adipose tissue influence bioelectric impedance in obese men and women?","volume":"84","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25012-9","article-title":"Light distribution in fat cell layers at physiological temperatures","volume":"13","author":"Yanina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090579","article-title":"Obesity is associated with reduced plasticity of the human motor cortex","volume":"10","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["Experimental Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ebm-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ebm.2024.10030\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T14:13:49Z","timestamp":1707401629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ebm-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ebm.2024.10030\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ebm.2024.10030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ebm.2024.10030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3699"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1535-3699"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"article-number":"10030"}}